Philosophical
How do Ontology and Epistemology differ? What is Axiology?
Ontology looks at the nature of reality; epistemology is the lens and how we look at and know what we know, axiology refers to our values as researchers (positivist constructivist etc..).
What are some key figures in Grounded Theory, and what type of data is often looked at in this type of approach?
Glasser, Strauss, Charmaz. Grounded theory seeks to look at action and get at what is underneath giving explanations (positivist approach) or interpertations (constructivist approach)
This type of design has philosophical roots in Wittgenstein and seeks to understand how things happen through language.
Conversational analysis.
What is reflexivity and how does it relate to bracketing?
Reflexivity is when researchers turn back on their experiences and how they inform their inquiry. Self-awareness and position in research are stated. Bracketing is the attempt to set aside these beliefs to help the research be unbiased.
Give an example of a problem and study purpose.
•Problem: Adolescents in counseling can feel mandated by their parents and exhibit resistance. This can be even more problematic for counselors with less experience.
•Purpose statement: To understand how adolescent resistance is managed and experienced by counselors in training.
How does post-postivism differ from Social-constructivist perspectives on research?
Post-postivist: single perspective on reality, which can be approximated through the scientific method.
Social-Constructivist: multiple perspectives on reality which can be co-constructed through consensus building.
This type of research seeks to find the "essence" of something looking for common meaning among the participants experience.
Phenomenology.
While similar to other analysis of language, this type of study looks more broadly to understand interpersonal actions and social implications.
Discourse Analysis
What are some key aspects needed for collecting data?
IRB approval, a broad research question, access to participants or data to generate and ask the questions of, ethical considerations for the experience of the participant and informed consent.
Give an example of a resarch question (broad).
How do counselors in training work with and experience resistant adolescent clients?
What are the concepts of Hermeneutics and Phenomenology, and how do they relate to qualitative research?
Hermeneutics is the cycling and re-interpreting of texts with the new context of what was learned. Phenomenology is a philosophy founded in the work of Edmund Husserl that seeks to understand the essential from the context-dependent experience of reality. They realte by: Looking back at our data and making sense of it, as well as getting at conclusions from sorting through descriptions.
If we wanted to study a group and gather data about their way of life and working patterns within that group, which would work best?
Phenomology has three distinct schools we studied, what are they and what do they seek to do in this type of research?
Hermeneutic (Van Manen) – lived experience text interpretation. Transcendental (Moustakas) more on descriptions than interpretation. Duquesne – systematized research process.
Questions are a key component to Qualitative research. What are some importatnt considerations about them?
Our research question is not the questions we ask participants.
Use open-ended questions that encourage exploration and elaboration.
Careful with leading questions or planting seeds in our questions.
How do our study questions differ from research questions? What are some examples of study questions?
We wouldn't ask our overall study question to our participants.
Ex: What are some of the strategies you implement when working with resistant adolescent clients?, Does working with resistant adolescents generate any internal dialogue about the experience?
How do positivist and post-positivist differ?
Positivism holds there is one reality we can measure. Post-postivists believe we can only approximate that measurement as there are no absolutes.
Why would one use a Case Study over other forms of Qualitative research?
Interesting cases, situations related to a clinic or diagnosis, to illustrate specific issues, or perspectives on treatment within an agency.
If we are looking at a population with a specific issue and aim to influence or change the experience of them through our reseach, which type of qualitative research would be most appropriate?
Action Research
Doing this helps capture ideas that surface during research, and can help with reflexivity if included.
Memo writing.
Explain the importance of themes in Qualitative research.
Themes emerge from the coding process of going from open, to focused, where we are representing common patterns, words, and actions that are taking place across the research. This informs what and how we represent the study data.
What differentiates pragmatism from post-modern and critical race/feminist frameworks?
Pragmatism looks at whats useful and works. Post-modern (unlike social-constructivists which looks at constructed interactions of life) seeks community participation in constructing subject/object relations. Critical Race and Feminist take this one step further in identifying how power and oppression frame this subject/object relationship.
Which type of theory seeks "saturation" and what does saturation mean?
Saturation is a term in grounded theory that looks to gather data until no new findings emerge.
How do you explain coding? What steps are generaly taken in qualitative research with coding?
What are some key strategies to help encourage trustworthiness?
•Strategies: Use multiple data sources, present disconfirming evidence, reflexivity, member checking, prolonged engagement, collaboration with participants, external audits, rich description, peer review, provide background (bracketing), and memoing.
Name some types of generalizability and why it is important.
Lack of generalizability is a limitation if our research has limited application. Types include the use of natural settings, inferential due to contexts, analytic where theories can transfer, and intersectional in how it relates to communities and interactions.