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During the Interview
Types of Questions
Types of Questions Take II
Interview Framework
Ethical Considerations
100
Interviewee feels a sense of being rushed and therefore responds with quick, superficial answers
What is asking too many questions
100
Very broad and unfocused question, such as "What is a typical day like?"
What is a grand tour question
100
"Can you tell me about..."
What is an introductory question
100
Done at the beginning of the interview, sets the tone for the interview and typically uses questions that are impersonal and extremely open ended such as, "How are you today?"
What is establishing rapport
100
Agreement made by the interviewee to disclose information after being informed of the overall purpose of the research being conducted, as well as any possible risks and benefits from participation
What is informed consent
200
Lie told by an interviewee either because it's deliberate or the interviewee thinks it's true
What is a falsehood
200
"Can you give me an example of what you are talking about?"
What is an example question (supports descriptive questions)
200
"Can you say something more about that..."
What is a probing question
200
Done at the beginning of the interview; provides a context for the interview
What is initial briefing
200
Private data identifying the subjects cannot be reported.
What is confidentiality
300
Nodding head, shifting your body forward, making eye contact
What is sending positive listening signals
300
"Are you pleased with the results?" or "Would you use this program again?"
What are closed questions (Avoid)
300
"What did you think then?" or "What did you actually do when you felt the initial onset of anxiety?"
What are specifying questions
300
Done at the end of the interview; goal is to ease any tension or anxiety for the interviewee who just shared a lot of personal information. Interviewer should tell the interviewee some of the main points they learned from the interview and ask if there is anything else the interviewee might want to bring up or disclose.
What is debriefing
300
Risk of harm to a subject should be the least possible.
What is the ethical principle of beneficence
400
Being over expressive, overdo openness signals, looking stand offish, staring at objects other than the interviewee
What is sending negative body signals
400
"Why did you stop using the reading program?" or "Surely you would say that you enjoy working here?"
What are leading questions (Avoid)
400
"Have you ever received money for good grades?"
What is a direct question
400
Should be completed as soon as the interview is done. Interviewer reflects on the interview, notes body language, gestures, tone of voice, etc of the interviewee (writes down impressions of the interview experience)
What are field notes
400
"What are the consequences of the study for the participating subjects?" "How will the researcher's role affect the study?"
What are the ethical questions a researcher must ask at the start of a study
500
Inserting a comment during an interviewee's pause for the sake of conversation.
What is being intrusive as an interviewer
500
"Are you sure you are telling me the truth, did you ever think about the fact the research actually says..."
What are debating questions (Avoid)
500
"How do you believe other pupils regard the competition for grades?"
What is an indirect or projective question (most likely will need to be followed up with further questions to interpret the answer)
500
How shall I find a method to analyze the 1,000 pages of interview transcripts I have collected?
What is the 1,000 page question. How = too late! Question is posed after the fact 1,000 = too much! Too much material to be handled in meaningful way Instead ask, "How do I go about finding the meaning of the many interesting and complex stories my interviewees told me?"
500
"I want to understand the world from your point of view. I want to know what you know in the way you know it. I want to understand the meaning of your experience, to walk in your shoes, to feel things as you feel them, to explain things as you explain them. Will you become my teacher and help me understand?" (Spradley, 1979, p. 34)
What is the attitude a researcher should have to use qualitative interviewing