Validity Concepts
The type of validity that allows us to make "Inferences about whether the experimental treatments make a difference in this specific experimental instance" Shaddish, Cook & Campbell (2002)
What is internal validity?
It is the type of research where the scientist controls an independent variable or treatment and studies its effects on a dependant variable.
What is experimental research?
It is a type of sampling where participants are organized in groups and the researcher randomly selects them from those groups. Creswell (2009)
What is Cluster sampling?
It is a systematic error or deviation from validity or to some deformation of research practice that produces such deviation. Hammersley & Gomm (1997)
What is Bias?
A threat that the conditions of sample participants differ from the conditions of the people in a population. Shaddish, Cook & Campbell (2002)
What is Selection Validity Threat?
The type of validity that ask "To what populations, settings, treatment variables, and measurements variables can this effect be generalized" Shaddish, Cook & Campbell (2002)
What is External Validity?
it is the type of research where the scientist does not have direct control of independent variables because their manifestations have already occurred or because they are inherently not manipulable. Johnson (2002)
What is nonexperimental research?
it is the type of non-random sampling where participants are intentionally selected because the researcher considers they will help best understand the problem and the research question. Creswell (2009)
What is purposeful sampling?
It is a systematic error in the measurement of sampling procedures that produce erroneous results. Hammersley & Gomm (1997)
What is measurement or sampling bias?
A threat to internal validity occurring when external effects could have produced the observed outcome in the absence of treatment. Shaddish, Cook & Campbell (2002)
What is History validity threat?
The validity that allows us to infer that the independent and dependant variable covary or correlates. Shaddish, Cook & Campbell (2002)
What is Statistical (or Statistical Conclusion) Validity?
or What is Concurrent or Predictive Validity?
It is the type of nonexperimental research where data are collected from participants at a single point in time or during a single, relatively brief time period and the researchers want to explain, report or document the characteristics of a phenomenon. Johnson (2002)
What is a descriptive cross-sectional research?
It is a type of non-randomized sampling in which respondents are chosen based on their accessibility or availability. Creswell (2009)
what is Convenience sampling?
It is the type of bias that occurs when the researchers have developed a particular interpretation of explanation of a theory, they then to interpret the data in terms of it, be on the lookout for data that confirms it, or shape the data production process in ways that lead to it. Hammersley & Gomm (1997)
What is Confirmation Bias?
The threat to internal validity that occurs when participants in a study fail to complete the outcome measures. Shaddish, Cook & Campbell (2002)
What is the Attrition validity threat?
The validity that allows us to conclude that we are measuring what we are supposed to measure. Creswell (2009)
What is content validity?
It is the type of nonexperimental research where data are collected from participants at more than one point in time and researchers make comparisons across time and the researchers want to predict or forecast some event or phenomenon in the future. Johnson (2002)
What is a predictive longitudinal study?
It is the type of non-random sampling where participants self-select to a study.
What is voluntary response sampling?
It is the type of bias effected by the nonresponses on survey estimates. It means that if nonrespondents have responded, their responses would have substantially changed the overall results of the survey. Creswell (2009)
What is response bias?
The threat to construct validity that accounts for the failure to adequately explicate a construct which may lead to incorrect inferences. Shaddish, Cook & Campbell (2002)
What is the Inadequate Explication of Constructs threat to validity?
The validity that allows being certain that we are using adequate definitions and measures of the variables. Or that the measurements (scores) of a variable serve a useful purpose and have positive consequences when they are used in practice. Creswell (2009)
What is Construct Validity?
It is the type of nonexperimental research where researchers look backward in time to make comparisons between the past and the present that explains the dependent variable and the researchers want to explain why, how a theory operates, or to identify the causal factors that produce a change in the dependant variable. Johnson (2002)
What is retrospective explanatory research?
It is the type of sampling where the sample represents or reflects the true proportion of the population of individuals with certain characteristics. Creswell, (2009)
What is Stratified sampling?
It is one of the types of errors that does not lead to Bias. This error occurs because the researchers could not have known that what was being relied on was erroneous or dysfunctional, so that they were acting reasonably in the circumstances despite reaching false conclusions. Hammersley & Gomm (1997)
What is non-culpable error?
the threat to construct validity that occurs when the operationalization of a construct underrepresent (e.g., single operationalization) the construct of interest or measures irrelevant constructs. Shaddish, Cook & Campbell (2002)
What is the Mono-Operation Bias threat to construct validity?