Quantitative Methods
What are three types of experiments?
True/lab (one method), field, quasi, natural
What are two technological techniques used to study the brain?
MRI and fMRI. (PET, EEG and CT are also acceptable).
What are three sampling methods?
Random, opportunity, self-selected, purposive, snowball, (there are others, too)
What are three ethical considerations (or guidelines)?
-Informed consent, Right to withdraw, Debriefing, Anonymity, Considerations about deception, Justification (for any possible negative effects), Researcher integrity, Getting approval by a review board
What is another term for "external validity?"
Generalizability
What is the research method that involves an in-depth investigation of a small group, individual or organization that includes the use of multiple methods to gather and analyze data?
Case study
What does an fMRI measure? What does an MRI measure?
MRIs measure brain structure (size, shape, damage, etc.) and fMRIs measure brain activity.
What is the key difference between a self-selected sample and volunteer or random sampling?
Self-selected sampling involves the participant approaching the researchers to ask to participate - the other two involve the researcher approaching participants.
True or False? Participants should ALWAYS be given informed consent forms before participating in a study.
False. It might be impossible in field experiments, so where possible they should have debriefing and consent forms AFTER the study.
What is generalizability?
The extent to which we can apply our findings to other contexts (e.g. people, places, situations, etc.)
What is the general term for the method that investigates the effect of an IV on a DV.
Experiment / Experimental Method
What does MRI and fMRI stand for?
Magnetic resonance imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging.
What is the term used to describe the group of people for whom we want to generalize our results to? (Or whom we think we can generalize our results to?)
Target population
True or False: Psychologists are allowed to leave out data from studies if it contradicts their hypothesis.
False. All data should be included and fabricated or manipulating results is considered highly unethical since it stands in the way of discovering "truth."
What are two types of validity that are relevant to assessing external validity? (Hint: they're to do with environment of the study and the participants involved).
Population validity and ecological validity.
True or false: fMRI and MRI are considered research methods in IB Psychology.
False. They are "techniques." DO NOT write about these in any question about research methods.
What are two fMRI studies that show the effect of biological variables on brain activity?
Passamonti et al; Radke et al; Goetze et al; Meyer-Lindenberg et al; (There are lots of other acceptable answers - check with your teacher, too)
What is one strength and one limitation of random sampling?
Strength: increased chances of a representative sample
Limitation: can be difficult, time consuming and impractical
True or False: Ethics in the options are completely different considerations to ethics in the core.
False - the same considerations apply in both options and the core, and where possible you should find overlaps.
What type of validity is focused on the extent to which the results of the study are because of the manipulation of the independent variable?
Internal validity
What is the name of the numerical measure of some type of correlation, meaning a statistical relationship between two variables.
Correlation coefficient.
How can MRI be used to study localization of brain function?
The MRI identifies damage to the particular area of brain; behaviour can be observed and measured and any changes in behaviour can be attributed to loss of function in a particular part of the brain (therefore, that part of the brain can be concluded to play a role in the behaviour observed - like decision making, memory, fear, etc.)
What is it called when we have a high probability that our sample accurately represents our target population?
Representative sampling
What is one way you can "discuss" an ethical consideration?
a) by looking at how following a guideline could affect the validity of results, b) by offering justification for ignoring particular guidelines in some contexts,
What is the term that describes the extent to which the study actually measures what it intends to measure? (i.e. how accurately psychological phenomena are being manipulated and/or measured in the study).
This is "construct validity." (See pg. 347 of the textbook). It's similar to internal validity.