Scientists
This Scientist proposed 5 ideas about the atom.
Who is Thomas Dalton?
Proposed that:
1. Matter consists of tiny atoms
2. Atoms are indestructible
3. All atoms of one element are identical
4. Atoms of different elements differ in mass
and properties
5. Atoms combine in whole number ratios
This principle shows the order of orbitals.
What is Aufbau's principle?
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
This type of orbital is a spherical shape.
What is an s orbital?
s orbitals have a spherical shape and are regarded as the simplest orbital.
The principal quantum number (n) represents which property of an electron.
What is the energy level of the electron?
The principal quantum number determines the size and energy of the orbital.
The electron configuration of hydrogen.
What is 1s¹?
Hydrogen only has one electron which occupies the 1s orbital.
This scientist proposed a theory that describes the wave-like behaviour of electrons.
Who is Erwin Schrodinger?
Schrodinger developed the wave equation that describes the probability of distribution of an electron in an atom using "Orbitals".
Hund's Rule
What is every orbital in a subshell must attain one electron so it can gain another?
↑ ↑ ↑
2p
p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped and come in this many orientations.
What is 3 orientations?
p orbitals have three orientations corresponding to mℓ = -1, 0, +1.
The angular momentum quantum number (ℓ) determines what about an orbital.
What is the shape of an orbital?
The value of ℓ corresponds to four different letters.
(s) = 0, (p) = 1, (d) = 2, (f) = 3
The condensed electron configuration for sodium (Na).
What is [Ne] 3s¹?
Sodium contains 11 electrons, with the first 10 matching neon's configuration, and one electron contained in the 3s orbital.
This Scientist formulated the uncertainty principle
Who is Werner Heisenberg?
The uncertainty principle states that it is impossible to know the exact position of and momentum of electrons.
This is a diagram used to draw energy levels of orbitals.
What is an energy diagram?
Ex. Oxygen
| ↑↓ ↑ ↑
| ↑↓ 2p
| 2s
| ↑↓
| 1s
d orbitals can have these two shapes.
What are cloverleaf and donut-shaped?
d orbitals have a clover shape, but in very special cases, they have a unique donut shape.
The magnetic quantum number (mℓ) represents which aspect of an orbital.
What is the orientation of the orbital?
The magnetic quantum number ranges from -ℓ too +ℓ and defines the spatial orientation of the orbital.
This is the Aufbau principle.
What is electrons that fill orbitals starting from the lowest energy shells?
The Aufbau principle fills electron shells in the order of increasing energy levels starting from 1s.
This Scientist proposed the idea of matter waves.
Who is Louis de Broglie?
De Broglie suggested that particles, such as electrons acted with wave-like properties, leading the wave-particle duality concept.
This is the second way to display electron orbitals.
What is Complete electron configuration?
Complete electron configuration involves writing out all the orbitals in order and how many electrons occupy those orbitals using a superscript.
Ex. Aluminum
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
Orbitals in this subshell can hold a maximum of 14 electrons.
What is the f subshell?
The f subshell has a total of 7 orbitals which each hold up to 2 electrons.
The spin quantum number (ms) can have these two values.
What are +1/2 and -1/2?
The spin quantum number is used to indicate the two possible spin states of an electron.
The electron configuration for oxygen (O).
What is 1s² 2s² 2p⁴?
Oxygen has 8 total electrons 2 are occupied in the 1s orbital, 2 occupy the 2s orbital, and 4 occupy the 2p orbital.
This Scientist Created the original diagram of the atom containing orbits.
Who is Niels Bohr?
Theorized the idea of orbits around an electron in which the first orbit housed two electrons, the second 8, 18, and so on.
This is the third way to represent an electron configuration.
What is Condensed electron configuration?
Start with the noble gas that precedes the element and continue with the configuration.
Ex. Iron
[Ar] 3d6 4s2
f orbitals have this shape.
What is a tetrahedral?
f orbitals are the most complex shapes forming a tetrahedral shape.
Fill in the blank
n = 3, ℓ = ?, mℓ = ?, ms = ?
What is n = 3, ℓ = 2, mℓ = -2, ms = +1/2?
The full electron configuration of Chromium (Cr).
What is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁵ 4s¹?
Chromium has 24 electrons, to reduce repulsion, one electron from the 4s orbital moves to the 3d orbital as a half-filled subshell is more stable than a non-half-filled 3d subshell.