Scientists
The scientist accredited with discovering the electron
(Hint: Plum pudding / choclate chip muffin model )
Who is... English physicist J.J Thompson )
The 3 main takeaways pertaining to Quantum Theory ( including old ideas from the Nuclear Atomic Model )
What are...
1)Electrons can move between different orbitals by absorbing/emitting quanta of energy (old)
2) Electrons act like particles and waves (new)
3) The location of an electron is given by a probability distribution (new)
The magnetic quantum number describes? ...values are acceptable
What is... the orientation of orbitals in space, values from +l to -l are acceptable
A sublevel
The three main rules/principles regarding electron configuration
What is..
Aufbau Principle - each electron is added into the subshell with the lowest energy orbital available
Hund’s Rule - Each orbital subshell gets a single electron first and then an electron can pair. All electrons are ‘up’ when single
Pauli Exclusion Principle - no electron can have the same 4 quantum numbers in an atom - electrons sharing an orbital have opposite spins
The scientists who proposed that electrons could act as waves. Name the theory.
Who is... Louis De Broglie who theorized wave-particle duality
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
What is...it is impossible to simultaneously know exact position and speed of a particle ( Electrons are too small and move too fast for our technology to observe exactly where an electron is located )
In a given atom, no two electrons can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers (n,l,ms,ml)
What is...The Pauli Exclusion Principle
The energy level which has 9 orbitals
What is... the 3rd energy level
Order the following from most to least stable:
1) Unpaired orbital
2) Empty Orbital
3) Completely filled orbital
What is...
1) Completely filled orbital
2) Unpaired orbital
3) Empty Orbital
Coined the term Quantum
Who is...Max Plank; posed that atoms can absorb or emit only discrete quantities of energy called quantums
The key differences between Nuclear Atomic Theory and Quantum Model
What is...
Nuclear Atomic Theory: 2 dimensional, Orbits, Orbits could contain 2, 8, or 18 electrons, Each electron a fixed distance away from nucleus, Can move between different energy levels by absorbing and emitting light, key scientists are Thompson, Rutherford, Bohr, Dalton
Quantum Theory: 3 dimensional, Orbitals, each orbital with 2 electrons, electrons are a variable distance away from nucleus, electrons act as particles and waves, location of electron is given by probability distribution, key scientists include De broglie, Schrodinger, Hisenberg
The purpose of Quantum Numbers
What is... give us insight on the quanlities of an electrons in a atom. Tells us the shape, orientation, arrangement, possible location, and the energy level.
The 4 types of orbitals, where can they be found on the Periodic Table
What are...
S = 2 electrons, 1 orbital (groups 1,2)
P= 6 electrons, 3 orbitals ( groups 13-18)
D= 10 electrons, 5 orbitals (groups 3-12)
F = 14 electrons, 7 orbitals ( bottom of table )
The condensed configuration for Iron
What is... [Ar]4s²3d⁶
(Hint: Gold foil experiment )
What is... Didn’t account for entire weight, electrons in motion should continuously give off radiation (light) and lose energy so atoms would implode (this energy loss should cause the electrons to collapse into the nucleus which does not happen )
The 2 main ideas of the quantum mechanical model
What is...
1) electrons can be in different orbitals by absorbing or emitting quanta ( a unit of packet ) of energy
2) the location of electrons can be determined by a probability distribution ( derived from wave equation and used to determine the shape of orbitals )
List all possible quantum numbers for l = 3
What is...
n=6,5,4 l=3 ml = -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3
ms =1/2,+1/2
The form of a d orbital
What is... four leaf clover
An example of 2 ions / elements that are isoelectronic with the configuration: 1s2 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶
What is... Phosphide (P3-) and Chloride (Cl-1)
The contribution of Schrodinger to the quantum model
What is... created the wave function; a mathematical equation that calculated the energy levels of electrons in an atom - the shape of the orbitals and the probability of an electron being in a certain place at a certain time
An orbital
What is.. a region of space around the nucleus where an electron is likely to be found and can be represented through the electron probability density ( a representation of the chance of finding an electron in a given space )
List the possible quantum numbers for the 6 electron in the 3p orbital
What are...
n = 3 ms = -1/2 l = 1 ml = 1
The number of electrons in the p orbitals of Ag
what is... 18
The actual electron configuration for Chromium ( condensed and full). Why is this different from the expected?
What is...[Ar]4s13d5 and 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p64s13d5 . This is different from the expected as the repulsion between the electrons is greater than the energy difference between energy levels