Culture/Events
During the late Middle Ages, this was responsible for the death of 1/3 of the population of Europe.
What is the Black Death or bubonic plague?
He painted the nude body painting "The Vertruvian Man" of "the perfect human man" which demonstrated the human bodyʻs symmetry and proportionality.
Who is Leonardo Da Vinci?
Impressed by the way Roman rulers and citizens acted to defend their homeland, he wrote "The Prince" which encouraged rulers to use fraud and brutality as a temporary means to a higher end- a unified Italy.
Who is Niccolo Machiavelli?
The printing press was invented in this country.
What is Germany?
The Counter Reformation was led by which religion?
What was the Roman Catholic Church?
This was the last and most destructive of the wars of religion in the Holy Roman Empire between Catholics and Protestants and Calivinists against Lutherans, occurring between the years 1618-1648.
He studied classical Roman architecture and is known for inventing linear perspective. His most famous work is the dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore.
Who is Filippo Brunelleschi?
He wrote and printed his complaints against the Catholic Church in his "95 Theses" which was then distributed and read widely, making him a crucial figure in the start of the Reformation.
Who was Martin Luther?
This European country was a leader during the Age of Exploration. Under Prince Henry the Navigator, they explored the African coast in search of gold, slaves, and a sea route to Asia to tap their spice market.
What is Portugal?
This religious ideology believed strongly in predestination, denying the existence of human free will. This faith set Geneva as their base and many persecuted Protestants flocked there.
What is Calvinism?
This movement was driven by a philosophy that stressed the dignity of humankind, individualism, and secular values.
The science or practice of making maps.
She was Italian born but exercised power in France drung the reigns of her three sons. She tried unsuccessfully to reconcile the Catholic and Protestant factions.
He was the leader of the Swiss Reformation. His first act as a reformer was to petition for an end to clerical celibacy and for the right of clergy to marry.
Who was Ulrich Zwingli?
Someone who studies and talks about God and religious beliefs in a thoughtful and methodical way.
What is a theologian?
She was the first English Queen in her own right and was responsible for the persecution and burning alive of hundreds of Protestants.
Who was Queen Mary I or "Bloody Mary".
King Louis XIV had this built to use the physical setting of his court to exert political control. It was a temple to royalty, designed and decorated to proclaim him as the "Sun King".
What is the Palace of Versailles?
A Puritan, he led the parliamentary army in the English Civil Wars. He helped to overthrow the Stuart Monarchy and was particulary intolerant of Catholics
Led by William of Orange, the Dutch fought this country in the Eighty Yearʻs War to establish the Dutch Republic and made the Dutch Reformed Catholic Church the official religion of the Netherlands.
What is Spain?
This was a loose confederation of semi-autonomous states that ruled over much of western and central Europe from the 9th to 19th century. It was characterized by stron papal authority.
What is the Holy Roman Empire?
This ended all hostilities within the Holy Roman Empire in 1648 and was written in Latin, not French. It stated that the ruler of the land determines the official religion and gave Calvinists legal recognition.
What was the Treaty of Westphalia.
His most famous works include his 18 foot sculpture of David and the fresoces in the Sistine Chapel. His later works mark the passing of High Renaissance painting and the new style known as mannerism.
Who is Michelangelo?
The most famous humanist, he gained fame as both an educational and religious reformer through his printed works. He aspired to unite classical ideals of humanity and civic virtue with the Christian ideals of love and piety.
Who was Erasumus?
This almost seven foot tall ruler made a trip in disguise to western Europe in 1697. When he returned to his home country, he was determined to copy what he saw abroad in his own land to make it a great world power.
Who was Peter the Great?
This radical religious group believed that the church should be a voluntary gathering of believers and therefore rejected infant baptism advocating for only willing adults who confess their faith to be baptized.
Who are the Anabaptists?