What is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience?
100
Behaviorism is best defined as this.
What is the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes?
100
This is the definition of memory.
What is the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information?
100
These are the three parts of the Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage model of memory.
What are encoding, storage, and retrieval?
100
These is the benefit of forgetting.
BONUS: What are three ways our memory fails us?
What is forgetting allows us to clear out unnecessary mental clutter in our memories.
BONUS:
- in forgetting.
- in distortion.
- in intrusion.
200
Classical conditioning is best defined as this.
What is a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli?
200
Operant conditioning is best defined as this.
What is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher?
200
This is the definition of a flashbulb memory.
What is a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event?
200
These are the differences between implicit and explicit memory.
BONUS: What parts of the brain are associated with each type?
What is that implicit memory is retention independent of conscious recollection, while explicit memory is the memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.
BONUS: explicit is associated with the hippocampus.
Implicit is associated with the cerebellum.
200
Older adults experience weaker _____ (type of measure of memory), but see little change in ______ (type of measure of memory).
What are recall and recognition?
300
Extinction is best defined as this.
What is the diminishing of a conditioned response that happens when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus.
300
Shaping is best defined as this.
What is an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer versions of the desired behavior.
300
This is the definition of working memory.
What is a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information retrieved from long-term memory?
300
This is how recognition, recall, and relearning are similar and different.
What is that are all measures of memory, but differ in that they include retrieval, identification, and learning material for a second time.
300
Memory failure related to encoding can be explained in these two ways.
What are that we cannot remember what we fail to encode because the information never enters long-term memory and it can be avoided with selective attention to particular details?
400
Spontaneous recovery is best defined as this.
What is the reappearance after a short pause, of an extinguished conditioned response?
400
Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement, as __________ is to ____________.
What is increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli; increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli
400
These are the definitions of short- and long-term memory.
What are activated memory that holds a few items briefly and the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system?
400
This is how you can define retrieval cues.
What are anchor points you can use to access the target information when you want to retrieve it later?
400
Storage decay is explained by this, the explanation of the Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve.
What is that much of what we learn we may quickly forget, but then levels off with time.
500
Generalization and distinction differ in these ways.
What is that generalization is the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses while distinction is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
500
Punishment differs from negative reinforcement in this way.
What is that punishment is an event that decreases the behavior that follows it, while negative reinforcement increases behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli.
500
These are ways that stress hormones affect memory.
What are:
- by boosting activity in the brain’s memory-forming areas and
- causing stronger emotions and stronger memories?
500
This is how true and false memories are similar and different.
Similar: they may feel real and be persistent.
Different: true memories have more details than false memories.
500
This is a list of five things that can influence or change our memories.