Homeostasis/BioChem
What is Homeostasis?
The maintenance of a constant internal environment
What is the bond between two carbohydrate monomers called? Protein Monomers?
Carbohydrate = Glycosidic Bonds ; Protein = Peptide bonds
As the radius of a cell increases, volume increases (more/less) than surface area.
More
What are the structural components microtubules are made up of? Microfilaments?
Microtubules = tubulin
Microfilaments = actin
What is movement across the lipid bilayer dependent on?
Charge/Polarity
Size
Describe Negative Feedback vs. Positive Feedback vs. Feed Forward. Give an example of each.
Negative Feedback: response turns off the initial stimulus (i.e. Body Temperature, EPO/Kidney/Bone Marrow system)
Positive Feedback: response amplifies the initial stimulus (i.e. Blood Clotting, Contractions during Birth)
Feed Forward: response in anticipation of stimulus (i.e. Dog Drooling When Seeing Food)
Which monosaccharides put together make: Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose?
Lactose = Glucose + Galactose
Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose
Maltose = Glucose + Glucose
What is the function of the plasma membrane, and the glycocalyx coat on the membrane?
Plasma membrane = separate two aqueous compartments and form selectively permeable
Glycocalyx = important for cell recognition
List the 3 cytoskeletal components in order from largest to smallest in size.
Microtubules > Intermediate Fibers > Microfilaments
There are two types of endocytosis, cell “drinking” and “eating”, what is each called?
Cell “Drinking” : pinocytosis
Cell “Eating” : phagocytosis
The atomic number of potassium is 19 and the mass number is 39. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in an atom of potassium?
Protons = 19; Neutrons = 20 ; Electrons = 19
Describe the different levels of protein structure.
Primary Structure = amino acid sequence
Secondary Structure = beta sheets and alpha helices (created through H-bonding of primary sequence)
Tertiary Structure = 3D structure, after folding over
Quaternary Structure = Multiple tertiary structures coming together to form functional protein
What are at least 2 differences between peroxisomes and lysosomes?
Lysosomes “Garbage Can” - Degradative Enzymes, Breakdown of Macromolecules, Old Organelles, or the Cell Itself (autolysis)
Peroxisomes - Oxidative Enzymes, Detoxification, Breakdown of Fatty Acids, and Lipids
What are the subunits of intermediate fibers?
Keratin (epithelial cells) and Desmin (muscle cells)
What is the difference between simple diffusion vs facilitated diffusion?
Simple Diffusion: solutes pass freely through the bilayer from high to low concentration without need for transport proteins to help move them along (i.e. CO2, O2)
Facilitated Diffusion; solutes pass through the bilayer from high to low concentration with help of transport proteins (i.e. glucose)
Describe the distribution of fluids in the body. Include the difference in composition of ions in the ECF and ICF.
60-40-20 Rule = 60% of entire body mass is water, 40% of that is in the ICF, and 20% of that is in the ECF
ECF = High Amounts of Ca2+, Na+, Cl- ; Low Amounts of K+
ICF = High Amounts of K+; Low Amounts of Ca2+, Na+, Cl-
What is the difference between unsaturated fats and saturated fats, and what are some examples of them in foods?
Unsaturated Fatty Acids = Kinks, Not Straight, Double Bond Present; Olive Oil
Saturated Fatty Acids = No Kinks, Straight, No Double Bond; Butter
Give the function of the following organelles: Nucleus, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Golgi Apparatus.
Nucleus: DNA storage, DNA replication, Transcription
Ribosomes: Protein Synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum: (one of the sites for) Protein Synthesis, Lipid Synthesis, Ca++ storage
Golgi Apparatus: Site of protein/lipid modification, sorting, and packaging
Which molecular motors do microtubules use? Microfilaments?
Microtubules: dynein and kinesin
Microfilaments: myosin
What are the 3 limitations of Facilitated Diffusion?
Saturation (limited amount of carrier proteins)
Stereospecificity (binding sites very specific)
Competition (similar solutes may compete for binding site)
Describe the difference between Non-Polar Covalent vs Polar Covalent Bonds and Covalent Bonds vs Hydrogen Bonds.
Non-Polar Covalent = Equally Shared electrons
Polar Covalent = Not Equally shared electrons
Covalent bonds = between atoms inside the same molecule
Hydrogen Bonds = between different molecules
Give at least 2 functions of nucleic acids.
- Storage and Transfer of Genetic Material
- Instructions for protein production
- Energy (i.e. ATP)
Give at least 3 characteristics of the mitochondria?
-have own DNA
-Circular DNA
-Site of ATP Production
-Double Membrane
-Inner membrane made up of cristae
What does cilia allow the cell to do? What does flagella allow the cell to do?
Cilia: Mixing of substances at cell surface; moving substances
Flagella: Propel cells (only human cell w/ this is sperm)
Describe the difference between Primary Active Transport and Secondary Active Transport?
Primary: ATP is DIRECTLY coupled to solute movement
Secondary: ATP is INDIRECTLY coupled to solute movement