That Don't Sound Right
"You should not be late to class" is an example of this type of claim
What is a normative claim?
According to Mill, if one is eating junk food, they are experiencing this type of pleasure
What is lower pleasure?
This branch of utilitarianism focuses on how individual actions promote or distinguish pleasure
What is act utilitarianism?
This duty ethicist is credited as the creator of the Categorical Imperative
Who is Immanuel Kant?
An argument's premises do not necessarily need to be true to be this, but its structure needs to make logical sense
What is valid?
"Breastfeeding is natural so all new mothers must do it" is an example of this logical fallacy
What is naturalistic fallacy?
According to Noddings, caring for the community is an example of this type of caring relationship
What is "ethical caring"/care-about?
This type of duty, such as volunteering at a soup kitchen, is one we must fulfill only sometimes
What is an imperfect duty?
This philosopher claims humans are inherently biased towards themselves and others like them
Who is John Rawls?
For Utilitarians, an entity must possess this in order to be morally considered
What is sentience?
A claim or argument assumed to be true based on a lack of information
What is an argument from ignorance?
Aristotle believes all humans strive towards this Greek word meaning "human flourishing"
What is eudaimonia?
Kant argues that ours must be universalizable in order to behave morally
What are maxims?
This philosopher argued that the first step to behaving morally is asking what the virtuous person would do
Who is Aristotle?
This Rawlsian moral reasoning device asks us to pretend to be ignorant of our personal circumstances in order to make impartial decisions about how our society should operate
What is the Veil of Ignorance?
This logical fallacy involves misrepresenting or overstating your opponent's argument making it easier to attack
What is a strawfigure/strawman?
Following this standard allows us to find the middle between the excess and deficiency of a virtue
What is The Golden Mean?
According to the second formulation of the Categorical Imperative, we should treat other rational beings as ends and never merely as this
What are means?
This arguably more lenient duty ethicist argues lying would be permissible if it will save someone's life
Who is W. D. Ross?
In order to avoid chaos in society, Hobbes advises we form this to keep the peace
What are social contracts?
"This frozen yogurt is strawberry flavor, therefore it counts as a serving of fruit" is an example of this kind of logical fallacy
What is equivocation?
Instead of how well one follows a set of rules, moral agents are judged based on this according to virtue theorists
What is internal character?
The subprinciple of Rawls' Second Principle that states inequality in income should be arranged to benefit the least well off in society
What is the Difference Principle?
This philosopher argued there is a qualitive difference between human and nonhuman pleasure
Who is John Stuart Mill?
These two logical fallacies often get confused with one another. One starts with an assumption about a whole to make a claim about a part. The other is the other way around.
What are division and composition?