Rational Choice Theory and Deterrence
Rational choice theory is based in ______ criminology.
What is "classical"?
p. 101
____ are segments of the population whose members have a relatively similar portion of desirable things and who share attitudes, values, norms, and an identifiable lifestyle.
What are "social classes"?
p. 172
Crime rates are higher in these types of communities.
What are "transient, mixed-use, and changing neighborhoods"?
p. 178
Strain theorists view crime as the result of this.
What is "frustration and anger within the lower socioeconomic classes"?
p. 186
The theory of delinquent subculture focuses on this concept of culture conflict experienced by lower-class youths because social conditions prevent them from achieving success.
What is "status frustration"?
p. 185
Rational choice theory posits that crime is the result of careful consideration and planning. The theory assumes that people commit crime after considering _____ and ______ factors.
What is "personal" and "situationa"l?
"Concepts of Rational Choice" in the textbook
Social structure theory posits that crime is directly related to ______.
What is "socioeconomic disadvantages"?
Also acceptable: socioeconomic status
p. 176
Shaw and McKay tested social disorganization theory in the 1920s. Their findings specifically indicate that crime rates directly correspond to this.
What is "neighborhood structure"?
p. 180
Robert Merton put forth five social adaptations: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. Which adaptation is the most closely related to criminal behavior?
What is "innovation"?
p. 187
Miller proposed that these are sets of norms for conduct in lower class cultures and that these values have evolved over time to fit the conditions of living in lower-class communities.
What are "focal concerns"?
p. 193
Deterrence theory posits that three factors impact the likelihood that crime will be deterred. Name these factors.
What are "certainty, severity, and swiftness of punishment"?
p. 116
A Swedish economist, Gunnar Myrdal, posited this social stratum that is worldwide that is the lowest due to its members lacking the education and skills needed to function successfully in modern society.
What is "the underclass"?
p. 175
Socially disorganized neighborhoods, with high rates of transience and impersonal relationships, have difficulty developing this. This is also defined as a method of social control exerted by cohesive communities and based on mutual trust.
What is "collective efficacy"?
p. 184
Anomie theory posits that anomie occurs with conflict between these two factors.
What are "socially defined goals" and "access to legitimate means"?
p. 187
This method of policing is based on social structure theories and emphasizes that police should focus their efforts where they can encourage public confidence, strengthen feelings of safety, and generate cooperation from the area's citizens.
What is "broken windows policing"? Also known as "community policing".
p. 200
_____ posits that criminal sanctions need to be powerful enough that known criminals will not repeat their criminal acts.
What is "specific deterrence"?
Section on "Specific Deterrence"
Sociologist Oscar Lewis argued in 1966 that the lifestyle of lower-class areas produce this, which are passed down through generations.
What is a "culture of poverty"?
p. 175
In the Sampson et al. article of collective efficacy, they closely examine this type of social control.
What is "informal"?
Sampson et al., p. 918
This update to Merton's original theory posits that the American Dream plays a major role in generating anomie.
What is "institutional anomie theory"?
p. 188
Cohen discusses this set of standards set by figures of authority (such as teachers and employers) to evaluate youth from lower classes, which results in significant bias and prejudice.
What are "middle-class measuring rods"?
p. 196
____ is the relative effectiveness of punishments, while ____ are situations where the threat of punishment can reduce but not entirely eliminate the frequency, severity, and duration of crime.
What is "marginal deterrence" and "restrictive or partial deterrence"?
p. 115
Around what percent of black and Latinx communities can be declared impoverished compared to what percent of white communities?
What are 75% and 10% (respectively)?
p. 174
There are over 30,000 law-violating gangs in the United States, containing about 850,000 members. The textbook states that this is a ___ increase from 2006.
What is "15%"?
p. 178
Agnew's general strain theory views these as a direct cause of crime. These factors include failure to achieve positively valued goals, disjunction of expectations and achievements, removal of positively valued stimuli, and presentation of negative stimuli.
What are "negative affective states"?
p. 190
According to Cloward and Ohlin, there are three types of gangs that young people can join. Name the three types.
What are "criminal gangs", "conflict gangs", and "retreatist gangs"?
p. 198