MEDSURG Ch 12. Infection
what is an infection?
An invasion of the body with pathogens or their toxins that have the potential to cause disease among susceptible individuals
what is conscious sedation?
sedation to the point of relaxation, pain free, and anxiety free. PT is comfortable but conscious
which body cells are involved in the inflammatory response?
white blood cells
what is the most critical component to the prevention of infection and spread of disease?
hand hygiene
example of chronic inflammation
chronic infection, cirrhosis, fibromyalgia, myocarditis, psoriasis
what are the six chains of infection in order?
pathogen, reservoir, portal of exit, method of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host
what are meds to avoid before surgery?
baby aspirin
ibuprofen
warfarin
gingko
a complex process involving more than a dozen different chemicals whose release is initiated by stimuli
chemotaxis
when considering infection, what is in the blood that is primarily responsible for protecting the body?
leukocytes
what are three major hormone groups?
prostaglandins
cytokine
histamines
Measures for reducing the risk of transmitting pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources of infection are called
standard precautions
what are the geriatric considerations when it comes to perioperative care?
prone to UTI from urinary catheterization for surgery
before fluid restriction check their vitals, weight, and skin turgor for baseline comparison
wound healing is slower
assessment of support system at home
what are interventions for inflammation
Rest Ice Compress Elevate
immobilization devices
pharmacologic agents
what pathogens have nucleic acid within a protein shell requiring invasion of a host for replication?
viruses
what are mechanical Defense Against Infection?
Physical Barriers, Skin and mucous membranes, Normal flora and mucus, Acidic- acetic acid from perspiration, Physiologic reflexes: Sneezing, coughing and vomiting, Macrophages- Phagocytosis
what are the agents of infection?
bacteria, virus, fungi, Rickettsia, Protozoans, Mycoplasmas, Helminths, Prions
What is the acronym for "laser" surgery stand for?
Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation
what are individual risk factors?
autoimmune disease
allergies
genetics
hygiene practices
environmental agents
what are the consequences relating to infection?
vascular, renal, and nervous system compensation
respiratory compensation
multisystem failure
what are primary preventions for infection?
Vaccinations, Hygiene,
what are the steps to take when a needlestick injury happens?
Report injury immediately to supervisor, document injury in writing, identify source, receive appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis and antibody testing
what are 4 common preoperative medications?
antianxiety
histamine- 2 receptor antagonist
anticholinergics
neuromuscular blocking agents
opioids
sedatives
antibiotics
what are steps in acute inflammatory response?
movement of immune response cells to the site of injury
exudate formation
movement of glucose and oxygen to the site needing repair
release of chemical repair factors from activated endothelial cells
what laboratory tests diagnose infection?
complete blood count
culture and sensitivity
c-reactive protein
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
serological tests to detect specific antibodies or viruses
what are the primary steps in acute inflammatory response?
injury, vasodilation, swelling, increased permeability, "walling off", margination/migration, exudate, movement of glucose/oxygen, release of growth factor