13.1 The Renaissance
What are 2 changes in Europe that gave roots to the Renaissance?
-New Universities (trade brought new wealth, prosperity, growth
-Decline of Feudalism (after black death, peasants move to cities)
* also growth in urban workshops where skilled artisans and craftsman power the renaissance*
Why was the Catholic Church's influence weakening?
What are 3 ways the Church was corrupt?
-Black Death (people thinking 'why is this going on, why is God letting this happen?') and Renaissance; secular views and humanism pulling power away from Church and to individuals
-Celibacy: church officials supposed to have no intimacy with women, but they do and in broad daylight!
-Simony: postions are given away for money, no merit
-Indulgences: buying an indulgence, paper, to go to heaven
What are some reasons European thinkers began to question their understanding of the natural world?
-Renaissance; secular world view
-Reformation; straying from and challenging church
-New world discovery; MIND BLOWN!
Define 'The Englightenment' as best as you can.
What 4 things did this intellectual movement develop from?
-An intellectual movement, applied scientific methods, study of society and government
-Classical Greece+Rome>democracy, Renaissance> secular view, Reformation> challanging church, Scientific revolution> use of Reason
Adam Smith believed that free market economics dont need a guider,
laws of __ and __
and __ __ will guide market
_Self_ _Interest_
Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy, what are some characteristics of the Renaissance?
-Italy because: good trade allowed wealthy, money to spend on artisan products (Venice and Florence), Byzantine scholars fled here after fall of empire, close to classical Rome.
-Humanism; balance of indiviual and religion
-Secular; non-religious focus
-Cultural revival (greek and roman culture)
Who was Martin Luther, what are 2 key things he did or happened to him?
- Martin Luther: German Monk that disagreed with corrupt practices of C. Church, so he posted his 95 Theses that described everything wrong w/ Church; got excommunicated (expelled and outlawed) from Church because of this and lived in hiding
What was the orginal astronomy theory? Who propsed a different one? How did Galileo and Issac contribute to this new theory?
-OG geocentric theory; earth is the center
-New, by Nicolaus Copernicus, Heliocentrec, sun is the center.
-Galileo saw moon and planets through telescope, what he saw supported Heliocentric theory
-Issac Newton wrote book explaining laws of Gravity and Motion
European Monarch's power had gradually increased, what doctrine showed this power?
Divine Right of Kings-King because of God, rebel and go to hell
Two feminists we learned about
Olympe de Gouge: questioned why women didn't have Equal Rights, was killed
Mary Wollstonecraft: thought Equal Education for women would allow them to be just as smart as men and equal.
Renaissance writers: who wrote "The Divine Comedy" and wrote in vernacular (Italian) to promote use of Italian and make learning more available? Who wrote political books that gave advice to rulers?
Renaissance artists: who was the "Renaissance Man", what is an artwork associated to him? What are some other art works from this time?
-Dante Alighieri and Niccolo Machiavelli
-Leonardo da Vinci; known for inventions and paintings including the Mona Lisa. Michelangelo made David and painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling, Raphael also cool. artwork was both religious and nonreligious, new techinques for more life-like art
What did Martin do in exile + 3 characteristics of the thing he created?
-Made own branch, Lutheran, spreading ideas w/ printing press
->"Sola Fida" faith alone gets you to heaven
->Bible>Pope, what matters is the Bible, which everyone should have and interpret for themselves
->Priesthood of all believers
List the components of Scientific method
-Question find a problem
-Make a hypothesis
-Experiment
-gather data
-Analyze+make conclusions
Two main british thinkers debated on the ideal form of government, who were they and how did they disagree?
Thomas Hobbes; state of nature, humans bad, need absolute monarchy
John Locke; humans good. need a Social Contract where gov't rules by protects Natural rights (life, liberty, proprty) (if doesn't protect, right to rebel!) Constitutional Monarchy
How did ideas of the Renaissance spread north from Italy?
What kind of writing did William Shakespeare write?
-Printing press; Northern writers&artists traveled -> Italy, Italian ones went north
-Classical lit w/ humanism themes, example 'Julius Caeser'
Christian across Europe started deviating from Catholic Church by making their own denominations, Protestants. Explain how Jean Calvin in Genova and King Henry the 8th relate to this.
-Jean Calvin; believed in Predestination, heaven or hell already chosen for you. made his branch for this idea
-King Henry wanted divorce, but Pope said 'nuh uh', so King made his own branch allowing divorce
New findings came because of new tech (microscope, thermometer, etc). These findings include 'how blood circulates' and 'chemical process for creating fire'.
These scientists established the foundations of modern sciencem principles of reason+progress
cool
French philosophers engaged in lively debates in private homes (salons). Who are two key thinkers +their ideas?
-Seperation of power (3 branches, legis. judic. prez.)
-Checks and balances (branches can have say againist one another)
Voltaire
-religious freedom - freedom of speech
Renaissance v Religion, did things made during the renaissance always agree with the Catholic Church?
-No, values in art&lit. provoked tensions; Church's position was challenged, humanist philosophy specifically went against Church authority.
-Humanists didn't question basic tenets of the religion though, they just wanted to reform Church and culture it with literature.
Counter-Reformation was the C. Church's way to defend and revive Catholicism, what was the Council of Trent and the Society of Jesus?
-Council of Trent: people gathered and debated, led to end of Indulgence sales, better priests, and Society of Jesus
-S.o.J.= people went out to convert others; rest of world became catholic while most of Europe remained Protestant
__ __ propsed a free market economic system, laying the foundation for capitalism.
"Laissez Faire" -> "__ __"
how does free trade and low taxes help free market economics.
_Adam_ _Smith_
"Hands off" or "leave alone"; monarchy shouldn't control
free trade> more trade, anyone can trade w/ anyone
low taxes> more gain from trade, people more inclinded to do so