Metabolism & Energy
Where does ATP store its energy?
What are the phosphate bonds?
This law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.
What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by ___________________________.
What is "lowering the activation energy"?
The process of breaking down molecules to release energy.
What is catabolism?
This occurs when a molecule binds to an enzyme’s active site, preventing substrate binding.
What is competitive inhibition?
The term for energy available to do work in a system.
What is Gibbs free energy (ΔG)?
***** DAILY DOUBLE *****
On the board, write the free energy equation, and label what each variable means.
The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds.
What is the active site?
Enzymes work by stabilizing this temporary complex between enzyme and substrate.
What is the enzyme-substrate complex?
A drastic change in pH or temperature can cause this irreversible process that alters enzyme shape.
What is denaturation?
When ATP is hydrolyzed, this molecule is produced.
What is ADP?
The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics state that energy transformations...? and some energy is lost as what?
What is increase entropy? What is lost as heat?
The specific reactant an enzyme acts on.
What is a substrate?
The process of building complex molecules from simpler ones.
What is anabolism?
This occurs when a molecule binds to a site other than the active site, changing enzyme shape.
What is noncompetitive inhibition?
A reaction with a negative ΔG that releases energy is called this. (Ex: Cellular Respiration)
What is an exergonic reaction?
This type of cellular work describes the cell movement, whether its the cell moving as a whole, the movement of chromosomes, or even contraction of muscles.
What is mechanical work?
The model that best describes how enzymes change shape slightly to fit the substrate.
What is the induced fit model?
When one substrate binding event increases enzyme activity at other sites, this is occurring.
What is cooperativity?
When the product of a reaction inhibits an earlier step in the pathway, it’s called this.
What is feedback inhibition?
This cycle describes how ATP is continuously regenerated from ADP and phosphate using energy from catabolic reactions.
What is the ATP cycle?
Define phosphorylation.
When ATP is broken into ADP, the released phosphate moves to another molecules to give energy.
This property allows enzymes to catalyze only one specific type of reaction.
What is enzyme specificity?
Molecules that bind to an enzyme and turn it “on” or “off” at an allosteric site are known as this.
What are allosteric regulators (activators or inhibitors)?
When enzymes lose their shape due to heat, this type of bond disruption occurs most often.
What are hydrogen bonds?