Ways of Knowing
Trusting a scientist because they have a PhD is an example of this way of knowing.
What is authority?
This system is fast, automatic, and effortless.
What is System 1?
Looking for evidence that supports what you already believe is called…
What is confirmation bias?
When people go along with the group to avoid standing out, this is called…
What is conformity?
Remembering the first item on a list best demonstrates this effect.
What is the primacy effect?
When you believe something because “it feels true,” you are using this way of knowing.
What is subjective experience?
Judges granting more paroles after lunch shows the limits of this system of thinking.
What is System 2?
If we let students redo one quiz, next they’ll demand to redo the whole class!
What is a slippery slope fallacy?
Prioritizing group harmony over critical thinking is known as…
What is groupthink?
Memory is an active associative process.
What is reconstructive?
A doctor runs clinical trials to test whether a new drug works.
What is empiricism?
According to this theory, people fear losing $100 more than they enjoy gaining $100.
What is prospect theory?
Believing you are less biased than everyone else demonstrates this bias.
What is the bias blindspot?
A manager tells you to do something, and you obey simply because they’re the boss.
What is obedience?
After hearing new information, your memory of an event changes. This is called…
What is the misinformation effect?
A student solves a math problem step by step using formal rules.
What is rationalism?
Choosing the option that provides the greatest personal benefit represents this theory.
What is rational choice theory?
A politician attacks their opponent’s character instead of addressing the argument.
What is ad hominem?
People defining themselves by political party, sports team, or religion shows the power of this.
What is group identity?
Believing you “knew it all along” after learning the outcome shows this bias.
What is hindsight bias?
Explain one strength and one limitation of using authority as a way of knowing.
Strength: saves time, builds on expertise; Limitation: authority can be wrong or biased.
You are more likely to buy ground beef labeled “90% lean” vs “10% fat.”
What is the framing effect?
You argue that vaccines must be unsafe because a celebrity says so.
What is appeal to authority?
The tragedy of the commons is a classic example of this type of problem.
What is a social dilemma?
Negative events are often remembered more vividly than positive ones because of this bias.
What is the negativity bias?