Lecture
How is Rabies Transmitted?
Saliva from an infected animal (through open wounds, eyes, mouth)
TRUE OR FALSE: Rabies is a candidate for eradication
FALSE, because of the breadth of mammalian reservoirs and the diversity of lyssaviruses. Rabies can be prevented, controlled and selectively eliminated.
What is the primary purpose of oral rabies vaccination (ORV) in wildlife?
To prevent, control, and locally eliminate rabies among mesocarnivores
This Canadian province was first to implement ORV.
Ontario
This country is the only one in Asia to implement an ORV for use among racoon dogs.
Republic of Korea
What are the primary reservoirs for rabies? Name at least two. (specific animals)
dogs, bats, jackals, mongoose, skunks, foxes
What decade was modified-live viral vaccines generated and refined by serial passage of RABV in chicks and avian embryos? A. 1940s, B. 1950s, C.1960s
B. 1950s
Early baits were made with these materials. Name at least two.
Eggs, sausages, chicken heads, offal, waxes, fats, or fishmeal polymers
This is used to assess bait uptake in wildlife.
Tetracycline biomarker or serological testing
ORV remains underutilized in this continent despite promising trials.
Africa
Name 2 initial symptoms of a Rabies infection
Fever, pain, unusual or unexplained tingling, pricking, or burning sensations at the wound site
Name one of the methods used to control rabies in wildlife during the 20th century.
Indiscriminate killing, bounties, unrestricted hunting, night shooting, trapping, cyanide, and carbon monoxide gassing at dens, and strychnine poisonings via baits
List one vaccine that has been used in Canada.
ERA, V-RG, and ONRAB
Bait stations are particularly used in these two environments.
Suburban and urban environments.
ORV is challenged in the Canadian Arctic due to these two factors.
Vast area and low economic incentive
Who developed the first attenuated rabies vaccine?
Louis Pasteur
Which country was the first to implement field trials of oral rabies vaccination?
Switzerland
Which of the following vaccine types was not used in wildlife oral rabies vaccination programs? Killed/inactivated rabies vaccines, recombinant adenovirus vaccines, modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines, recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (V-RG) vaccines.
Killed/inactivated rabies vaccines
Many countries that are implementing ORV in the field are facing a significant challenge with what? HINT: think geography and collaboration.
Bordering countries that do not use ORV have infected animals that are crossing over.
This middle eastern country is the only one that has implemented ORV and list 1 of the 2 animals that are targets.
Israel. Jackals and foxes.
What are the two types of Rabies or what are some symptoms of each?
Furious: Hyperactivity, Excitable behavior, Hallucinations, Lack of coordination, Hydrophobia, Aerophobia
Paralytic: Less dramatic, but runs longer than furious rabies, Muscles gradually become paralyzed, starting from wound site, Coma slowly develops and eventually leads to death
Which previous innovation was critical to the development of safer recombinant rabies vaccines in the 1980s? HINT: think of another global virus...
Experience from the global smallpox elimination campaign
This packaging method is used to distribute vaccines while preserving potency. Also, list a future improvement.
Plastic sachets or blister packs. Biodegradable packaging.
This mesocarnivore is a major RABV reservoir in Africa
Black-backed jackal
This study focused on coyotes, foxes, jackals, raccoons, and raccoon dogs for targerts of ORV. List 2 taxa that were not studies that are reservoirs of high interest.
Bats, ferret badgers, rabbits, mongoose, hyena.