LOWER EXTREMITIES (TOES,FOOT, ANKLE).
How much do we angle the CR for a Calcaneus projection?
40 degrees toward heel (cephalad) Enters at base of 3rd metatarsal.
AP Oblique Medial rotation projection
How do you know that an AP LOWER LEG is properly positioned?
1. ankle/knee joints in one or more images
2. entire leg, no rotation
3. Proximal/distal joints of tib/fib slightly overlapped
4. midshaft of fibula free from superimposition.
On a image of an AP lower leg, the tibia and fibula should be free from superimposition at...?
Neither their proximal or distal ends.
CR location for AP KNEE PROJECTION?
Perpendicular v.s angled 1/2 inch below the Apex of the patella. Depends on body habitus/pelvis measurements.
How many phalanges are in the foot?
14 phalanges.
How do we obtain a calcaneus view?
Dorsiflex the foot.
What anatomical parts are parallel to the IR for an AP Lower Leg?
Femoral Condyles.
When positioning a patient for a Lateral Lower Leg Projection, which of the following are true?
1. femoral condyles are perpendicular to the IR
2. Articulating joints of femur and ankle must be included.
Both are true.
What is BEST DEMONSTRATED on an AP KNEE PROJECTION?
1. open femorotibial joint space
2. patella slightly medial
3. tib/fib slightly superimposed
To best demonstrate the Ankle mortise joint, the entire affected leg should be rotated how many degrees?
15-20 MEDIALLY/INTERNALLY.
What projection BEST DEMONSTRATES a ligament tear?
AP OBLIQUE ANKLE (STRESS VIEW).
CR location for lower leg radiography?
Perpendicular, center of leg.
What can you do to include both joints and articulation for a lower leg image?
1.Kitty Corner the IR
2. decrease table height
3. increase SID
What are the measurements regarding tube angle for Knee Projection?
19-24CM= 0 degrees (Perpendicular)
>24CM= 5 degrees cephalad (large pelvis)
How much do we Rotate the foot for an AP OBLIQUE PROJECTION MEDIAL ROTATION?
30 degrees medially.
Which joints form the ankle mortis?
1.Talofibular
2. Tibiofibular.
KVP range for lower leg radiography?
70-85 kvp
The Tibial Plateaus slope is _10-20 degrees?
Posterior.
Where does the Patella lie on an AP KNEE Projection?
1. Slightly off center to medial side.
For an AP Oblique projection with medial rotation of the ankle mortise view, how must the malleoli be positioned in relation to the IR?
Parallel.
What projection BEST DEMONSTRATES the longitudinal arch?
Longitudinal arch lateral projection (weight bearing method)
How do you know a Lateral Leg Projection is properly positioned?
1. ankle/knee joints in one or more images
2. distal fibula superimposed by tibia
3. slight overlap of tibia on fibula head.
What are the functions of the Longitudinal Arch?
1. shock absorber
2. distributes weight of the body in all directs, which permits smooth walking.
Where is the APEX of the Patella?
Inferior Patella