CH 1: Intro to Rad Bio
The term describing radiation that produces positively and negatively charged particles (ions) when passing through matter.
What is Ionizing Radiation?
This particle is the electrically neutral portion of an atom's nucleus and can determine whether the atom is an isotope or radioisotope.
*Bonus 50 if you describe an isotope.
What is a nucleus?
*Isotope= same # of protons but not the same number of neutrons
This term describes the action of turning atoms into ions using energetic force.
What is ionization?
This is a preferred material used in radiographic equipment as it is more durable due to its high melting point.
What is tungsten?
This describes the biologic effects than can incur from ionizing radiation exposure.
Hint: there are 3
What are early tissue reactions, late tissue reactions, and stochastic effects?
This individual is responsible for upholding ALARA principles and ensuring correct protocols are in place as well as monitoring all radiation dosimetry devices.
What is a radiation safety officer (RSO)?
This term refers to energy that passes from one location to another and can have many manifestations.
What is radiation?
Consequences of ionizing radiation can include creation of highly reactive molecules capable of producing substances poisonous to the cell.
What are free radicals?
This type of interaction makes up a majority of the diagnostic image and occurs between 23 to 150 kVp to make up the useful image.
What is photoelectric absorption?
Discovery of x-rays took place by a specific person, in a specific location, at a specific time.
*Bonus 50 pnts for SPECIFIC location.
Nov. 8 1895
Wilhem Conrad Roentgen
University of Wurzburg, Bavaria,* Germany
This is one of the three main quantities first discussed that is a quantity that is a measure of general harm in humans.
*Bonus 50 Points - Give the conversion factor.
What is Effective Dose (Sv)?
*1 mSv = 1/1000 (0.001) Sv
This described the form of radiation that includes alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons, and protons.
What is particulate radiation?
In this interaction a photon collides with a loosely bound outer-shell electron to knock it out of orbit, therefore allowing the photon to release part of its energy.
There are two types of scatter that can occur in conjunction with Coherent scattering at energies less than 10 keV.
What are Rayleigh and Thompson scattering?
Result of excessive occupational radiation exposure for early researchers and excessive exposure of patients included detrimental health effects.
What are radiodermatitis, cancer & blood disorders?
It takes approximately 10 days to receive a radiation dose for this exam, to achieve a similar dosage from background environmental radiation.
There are two distinct ways to describe electromagnetic waves found throughout the electromagnetic spectrum and have a dual nature. The term for this is...
What is wave particle duality?
This measurement is used in calculation of EFD; accounts for the risk to the entire organism brought on by irradiation of individual tissues and organs.
What is tissue weighting factor (Wt)?
This type of interaction can only occur at extreme energy levels, that are found outside of diagnostic energies and results in the nucleus releasing a neutron.
*Bonus Points - Give the minimum energy needed for this to occur.
What is photodisintegration?
*<10 MeV
This quantity is used for radiation protection purposes when a person received exposure from various types of ionizing radiation.
What is equivalent dose (EQD)?
There are many properties of xrays, many discussing their pathways and properties, utilize 5.
What is...
Invisible, cannot be deflected, varying penetrability, cannot be focused with a lens, travel in straight lines, travel at the speed of light, heterogenous, and/or produce charged particles
This is the unit used to describe the amount of kinetic energy per unit mass that has been absorbed in a material due to its interaction with ionizing radiation.
*25 Bonus Points for measuring unit!
What is absorbed dose (measured in mGy)?
This interaction affects the contrast of the radiographic image, in example the more absorption takes place the higher the contrast resolution.
*Bonus 50 Points - describe the type of x-ray beam needed for adequate radiographic contrast
What is photoelectric absorption?
*highest-energy x-ray beam is required
There are two variables required for photoelectric absorption probability to increase. One of the factors greatly increases the number of irradiated atoms.
What is atomic number (z) of the object being irradiated?
(Side note: 2nd factor = energy (E) of the incident photons which when decreases, will increase the probability of photoelectric interactions.)
This is described as the sum of effective dose equivalent from external radiation exposure and a quantity called committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from internal radiation exposures.