Hazelrig
In humans, about how many genes are contained in all 46 chromosomes?
(Ch6)
30,000
Average energy deposited per unit length of track: (Ch7)
LET
Retaining the correct proportion of water in the cell causes correct pressure to be maintained for ___________. (Ch6)
osmosis
This is the main functional component of the red blood cell. (Ch7)
Hemoglobin
In the human cell, in what location does protein synthesis occur?
(Ch6)
Ribosomes
Another word for 'programmed cell death'. (Ch7)
Apoptosis
The ________ is the fundamental element of structure, development, growth, and life processes in the human body.
(Ch6)
cell
In regards to oxygen, Tumor cells are generally _________. (Ch7)
Hypoxic
On the DNA ladder, what do the nitrogenous base pairs form?
(Ch6)
Steps, or rungs
These defend the body against foreign substances and have the shortest life span of all blood cells. (Ch7)
Lymphocytes
Dizygotic twins are also known as ___________ twins.
(Ch6)
fraternal
Loss or change of a nitrogenous base in the DNA chain: (Ch7)
Mutation
Carbohydrates may also be referred to as this:
(Ch6)
Saccharides
Humans who receive whole-body doses above 5 Gy may die within this amount of time. Why? (Ch7)
30 to 60 days. Because effects related to initial depletion of the stem cells of the hematopoietic system
This transports food a nd molecules from one part of the cell to another. (Ch6)
endoplasmic reticulum
Method of displaying the sensitivity of a particular type of cell to radiation: (Ch7)
Cell survival curve
Cytosine bonds only with _________.
(Ch6)
Guanine
The more mature and specialized in performing functions a cell is, the _______ sensitive it is to radiation. (Ch7)
less
__________ is a process of reduction cell division.
(Ch6)
Meiosis
The normal platelet count in the human adult ranges from: (Ch7)
150,000 to 400,000 cubic mm
How many different amino acids are involved in protein synthesis? (Ch6)
22
Poorly oxygenated cells = ______________, particularly to low-LET radiation. (Ch7)
Radioresistancy
The primary purpose of carbohydrates is to provide fuel for cell ______________.
(Ch6)
metabolism
The lethal whole-body dose for humans is generally estimated to be ___ to ___ Gy without treatment and higher if medical intervention is available. (Ch7)
3 to 4
Human cells contain which four major organic compounds?
(Ch6)
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
The Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau states this: (Ch7)
cell radiosensitivity is directly proportional to their reproductive activity and inversely proportional to their degree of differentiation
This stage of the cell cycle is the most radiosensitive:
(Ch6)
M phase
Exposing a cell to as little as _____ of ionizing radiation just before it begins dividing can cause mitotic delay. (Ch7)
10 cGy
This stage of the cell cycle is the most radioresistant:
(Ch6)
S phase
In males, this radiation dose may cause temporary sterility for as long as 12 months: (Ch7)
2 Gy
This serves as a prototype for mRNA. (Ch6)
DNA
On a cell-survival curve, high-LET typically has no this: (Ch7)
shoulder
The large double-membrane, or oval- or bean-shaped structures that function as the powerhouses of the cell are called:
(Ch6)
Mitrochondria
On a cell survival curve, the "shoulder" represents this: (Ch7)
cell’s ability to repair damage
When somatic cell divide, they undergo:
(Ch6)
Mitosis
In females, temporary sterility usually results from a single radiation dose of this to the ovaries: (Ch7)
2 Gy
This is the ratio of the dose of a reference radiation (usually 250 kVp xrays) to the dose of radiation necessary to produce the same biologic reaction in a given experiment
RBE
In males, a radiation dose of this can cause permanent sterility. (Ch7)
5 or 6 Gy
radiation dose required to cause biologic response without oxygen __________________________________________ radiation dose required to cause biologic response with oxygen
(Ch7)
OER
anoxic cells are ____ times more resistant than oxygenated cells. (Ch7)
three