Radiation Physics
Biological Effects of Radiation
X-ray Beam
Radiosensitivity
Hodge Podge
100
What is the correct terminology for the boiling off of electrons?
Thermionic Emission
100
This unit is used to quantify occupational exposure or dose equivalent.
Rem
This unit specifically addresses the different biologic effects of different types of ionizing radiation to which a radiations worker my be exposed.
100
___________ quantity refers to the total number of x-ray photons in the beam and is affected by mAs, kVp, distance and filtration.
Beam
100
Biological effects that occur shorty after a radiation exposure are referred to as _______________.
Short term effects.
100
Lower-penetrating x-rays have a ___________ wavelength with a ____________ frequency and are more likely to interact with the atomic structures and either be absorbed or scattered.
Longer, lower
200
Which end of the x-ray tube is the negative end?
The cathode
200
What unit of measurement is used to quantify the biologic effects of radiation on humans and animals?
The rad. It is the unit of absorbed dose.
200
Beam quality varies directly with changes in _______.
kVp
200
What is the term that describes when living organisms such as humans, experience biologic damage for exposure to radiation? The results are classified as ________ ___________.
Somatic effects
200
What is the process called when some photons are not absorbed but instead lose energy during interactions with atoms composing the tissue.
Scattering
300
Filament electrons interact with target toms to produce x-rays in tow ways. What are the two ways?
Characteristic and Bremsstrahlung interactions.
300
What does LET stand for and what does it mean.
Linear Energy Transfer-the average energy deposited per unit of length of track.
When passing through a medium, ionizing radiation may interact with it during its passage and as a result lose energy along its path.
300
This is used to calculate the change in the intensity (quantity) of radiation reaching the image receptor with changes in distance.
This also states that the intensity of a beam is inversely proportional to the square of the distance.
The inverse square law
300
What does the acronym ARS mean?
Acute Radiation Syndrome, or radiation sickens occurs in humans after whole-body reception of large doses of ionizing radiation delivered over a short period of time.
Atomic bombs survivors, Chernobyl disaster, patient who have undergone radiation therapy
300
Higher-penetrating x-rays have _____________
wavelengths with a _____________ frequency.
Shorter, higher
400
What term describes the interaction when the filament electron misses all of the orbital electrons and interacts with the nucleus of the target atom.
Bremsstrahlung Interaction
400
This is the manufactured quantity that takes into account the dose for all types of ionizing radiation (alpha, beta, gamma, x-rays)
Effective dose
400
Fewer x-ray photons remain in the beam after it interacts with anatomic tissue. This reduction in the energy or number of photons is known as _________.
Attenuation
400
Rate the following form most sensitive to least.
gonads
thyroid
bone marrow
kidney
bone marrow
gonads
kidney
thyroid
400
What is the interaction that occurs with low-energy x-rays, typically below the diagnostic range.
Coherent scattering
500
_______ electron leaves the atom with enough energy to go through interactions of its own in adjacent atoms.
Compton also known as secondary electron
500
When irradiated in an oxygenated, or aerobic state, biologic tissue is more sensitive to radiation than when it is exposed to radiation under anoxic or hypoxic conditions. This is known as the ________ effect.
Oxygen
500
Tissue composed of higher atomic number such as ______ attenuates the x-ray beam more than fat.
Bone
500
A fetus is most sensitive during which trimester?
The first trimester.
500
What is labeled number 3 and 4?
3. Anode disk made of tungsten.
4. The glass envelope.