Key Terms
This is term refers to health effects and death that are results of over exposure to radiation. (cancer is an example)
What is somatic damage?
page 59
This is the number of different amino acids involved in human protein synthesis.
What is twenty-two?
page 95
These reactions, nausea and fatigue, blood and intestinal disorders, diffuse redness of the skin and shedding of its outer layer.
What is early tissue reactions of radiation?
page 62
The total kinetic energy released in a unit mass of tissue.
What is tissue kerma?
page 66
Low-LET may directly induce single-strand breaks in the ladder-like DNA structure. This type of damage to DNA, repair enzymes can usually reverse the cellular damage. This type of dose is considered ....
What is a sublethal dose?
page 118
This is the term for exposure received by radiation workers in the course of exercising their professional responsibility.
What is occupational exposure?
page 59
This is the percentage of water that normally accounts for what percent of cell protoplasm.
What is 80% to 85%?
page 94
This whole-body dose is the dose humans die within 30 to 60 days because of the effects related to initial depletion of the stem cells of the hematopoietic system.
What is 5 Gyt?
page 134
If a hundred people receive an average effective dose of .25 Sv, the ColEfD is ...
What is 25 person-sieverts?
page 71
Which type of cell is radio-insensitive:
Brain cells
Blood cells
Intestinal crypt cells
basil cells of the skin
What are brain cells?
page 133
This is the term for nongenetic consequences of radiation exposure that appears months or years afterwards. These effects may be either stochastic or tissue reactions.
What are late tissue reaction?
page 62
This is a cell mutation that occurs when a part of the chromosome or chromatid is lost at the next cell division, creating an aberration called an acentric fragment.
What is a deletion?
page 127-128
This is the result when a cell receives an exposure dose of ionizing radiation in the range of 1 to 10 Gy.
What is reproductive death?
page 131
This is the term that specifically takes into account the relative detriment to each specific particular organ and tissue.
What is a tissue weighting factor (WT)?
page 69
These classifications refer to the effects of radiation on the cell based on the site of the interaction
What is direct or indirect?
page 121
This is the term for the average of energy deposited by ionizing radiation in an object per unit length of track as it passes through the object. It is expressed in units of KeV/um.
What is linear energy transfer (LET)?
page 68, 117
This is the process of cell division for somatic cells, when a parent cell divides into two daughter cells.
What is mitosis?
page 107 - 111
This is the effect to describe the reactions of when a cell is irradiated in an aerobic state, biologic tissue is more sensitive to radiation then when it is exposed to radiation under anoxic or hypoxic conditions.
What is the oxygen effect?
page 120
Whether survival lasts for 30 days or 60 days, this is the lethal whole-body dose for humans, generally, estimated, without treatment and higher if medical intervention is available.
What is 3.0 to 4.0?
page 135
These are the two types radiation that re consider low-linear energy transfer (LET).
What are gamma rays and x-rays?
page 118
Mutational and randomly occurring biologic changes, independently of dose, in which the chance of occurrence of the effect rather than the severity of the effect is proportional to the dose of ionizing radiation. These effects occur months or years after high level, and possibly after low level, radiation exposure. Examples include cancer and genetic effects.
What are stochastic effect?
page 62
Cells do one of these two things if exposure to ionizing radiation damages the components involved in molecular synthesis beyond repair.
What is either function abnormally or die?
page 94
These blood cells, show a noticeable depression in the number in the circulating blood, when a dose as low as 0.25 Gyt is received,
What are lymphocytes?
page 135
This is a quantitive measurement signifying the whole-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to 50% of the exposed population within 60 days. It may be more accurate when applied to humans.
What is LD 50/60?
page 135
This is the total amount of genetic material (DNA) contained within the chromosomes of a human being. The process of locating and identifying the genes is called mapping.
What is humane genome?
page 101
this is the term for a type of nucleic acid that carries the genetic information necessary for cell replication and regulation of cellular activity needed to direct protein synthesis. It is often referred to as the master chemical in the cell because it contains all the information that the cell needs to function.
What is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?
page 97
This is the frail, semipermeable, flexible structure encasing and surrounding the human cell.
What is the cell membrane?
page 103
This is the term to describe the relative capabilities of radiation with different linear energy transfers to produce a particular biologic reaction.
What is relative biologic effectiveness?
page 120
This is the method of displaying the sensitivity of a particular type of cell to radiation.
What is the cell survival curve?
page 132
This is the sum total of air Kerma over the exposed are of the patient's body surface or, in other words, a measure of the amount of radiant energy that has been thrust into a portion of the patient's body surface.
What is dose area product?
page 66
The term for all compounds in the cell that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
What are the organic compound?
page 95
This elementary building block of cells that constitutes approximately 15% of the cell content.
What are proteins?
page 95
This is the term used when the ionization of a DNA macromolecule resulting in a break of one of its chemical bonds, thereby severing one of the sugar-phosphate chain side rails or strands of the ladderlike DNA molecular structure.
What is a single- strand break?
page 124
This is the result that occurs when a large number of cells is irradiated with an x-ray or gamma ray dose of approximately 1000 Gy in a period of seconds or a few minutes.
What is instant death?
page 131
Chemical compounds resulting from acid/base reactions predominately involving sodium (Na) and/or potassium (K)bases. They keep the correct proportion of water in the cell.
What are salts (electrolytes)?
page 102-103
This the term for a solitary atoms (H) or most often a combination of atoms (OH) that are very chemically reactive as a result of the presence of unpaired electrons.
What are free radicals?
page 118
These are the four major organic compounds contained in the human cell.
What are proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids?
page 96- 97
These are the changes in genes caused by the loss or change of a nitrogenous base on the DNA chain. It is generally the result of the interaction of high-energy radiation with a DNA molecule.
What are mutations?
page 125
This is the SI quantity that is used to express how energy is transferred from a beam of radiation to a material such as the patient's skin.
What is air kerma?
page 66
This process is the multiplication process whereby one cell divides to form two or more cells. Occurs in all types of cells.
What is cell division?
page 107
This is the term for changes in genes caused by the loss or change of nitrogenous base on the DNA chain. It is the generally the result of high energy radiation with a DNA molecule.
What is a mutation?
page 125
This is the phase in mitosis where radiation-induced chromosome damage may be evaluated.
What is metaphase?
page 110-111
This the process in which chromosome breaks and rejoins in the original configuration with no visible damage.
What is restitution?
page 127
Tis is a radiation dosimetry quantity that was defined by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to monitor and control humane exposure to ionizing radiation.
What is total effective Dose Equivalent (TEDE)?
page 71
This is the type of tissue that lines and covers body tissue; the cells that comprise this tissue are highly radiosensitive because the body constantly regenerates this tissue
What is epithelial tissue?
page 136
This is the term for an altered area along the nitrogenous bases in molecules caused by the breaking of a single chemical bond.
What is a point lesion?
page 124
This is one of the four organic macromolecules of the cell that is water insoluble.
What are lipids?
page 97
This can happen when x-ray photons interact with water molecules contained within the human body, it can result in their separation into other molecular components.
What is ionization of water molecules?
page 122
Tis is designated for the use of the description of a population or group exposed to different individual amounts of ionizing radiation. It is equivalent to the sum of all of the doses times the number of individuals exposed and would be expressed in units such as person-Sv,
What is the collective effective dose (ColEfD)?
page 71
These structures are located in the center of the cell near the nucleus that contain the centrioles.
What are the centrosomes?
page 106