Key terms
Early Tissue Reactions
Stochastic Effects
Late Tissue Reactions
Hodgpodge
100

This is the stage that last about a week after the prodromal stage of acute radiation syndrome (ARS) during which no visible symptoms of radiation exposure occur.

What is a latent period?

page 148

100

This is a biological effect after significant cell death occurs, leading to shrinkage of organs and tissues, when a person receives a high dose of radiation.

What is atrophy?


page 150

100

This is the radiation-induced disease that occurs when exposure to ionizing radiation causes proliferation of white blood cells.

What is leukemia?


page 

100

The abnormal formation of fibrous tissue.

What is fibrosis?

100

_______________ doses do not generally cause early tissue reactions in humans exposed to radiation.

What is diagnostic radiology?

200

This is the first stage of ARS which occurs within hours after a whole body absorbed dose of 1 Gyt or more; characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue and leukopenia.

What is prodromal syndrome?


page 148

200

This is the LD 50/30 dose for adult humans that when received and without medical support death will occur.

What is 3.0Gy to 4.0 Gy?


page 149

200

This is a shrinkage of organs and tissues following substantial partial-body radiation exposure.  Those organs and tissue may lose their abilty to function.

What is atrophy?


page 150

200

In the reproduction cells exposure to ioniing radiation can cause ....

What are recessive genetic mutations?

200

Repeated radiation injuries have a cumulative effect research shows that ____ percent of radiation-induced damage to the cell will be irreparable.

What is 10?

300

This is the sickness or early somatic tissue reactions occurring in humans soon after whole body reception of large doses of ionizing radiation delivered over a short period.

What is acute radaition syndrome (ARS)?


page 144

300

This is the average survival time for a person with ARS to the gastrointestinal system.

What is 3 to 5 days?


page 146

300

The Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR), in 1980 reported that these stochastic effects and hereditary effects at low-dose levels from low LET radiation appear to follow this res[onse curve.

What a linear-quadratic non-threshold dose response curve (LQNT DR)?


page 161

300

This type of cancer developed in the population who were treated post-partum with ionizing radiation for relief of mastitis. 

What is breast cancer?

300

The science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in the population.

What is epidemiology?

400

This is the term used for the shedding of the outer layer of skin occurs after high radiation doses.

What is desquamation?


page 144

400

This is a cytogenetic analysis of chromosomes may be accomplished through the use of a chromosome map.

What is a karyotype?


page 154

400

This population was inadvertently subjected to high levels of fallout during an atomic bomb test in 1954.

Who are the Marshall Islanders?


page 168

400

Consequences that appear months or years after ionizing radiation exposure.

What are late somatic effects?

400

The most common result when cells are exposed and damaged by low doses of ionizing radiation.

What is cell repair?

500

This is the term for loss of hair also called alopecia.

What is epilation?


page 151

500

This is the significant reddening of the skin caused by excessive exposure to relatively low-energy ionizing radiation that eventually led to cancerous lesions on the hands and fingers.

What is radiodermatitis?


page 150

500

This is the risk model seems to most accurately supported with the recent studies of atomic bomb survivors.  

What is the relative risk model?


page 164

500

Population of young females who were exposed to radium-containing paint and later developed osteoporosis, osteogenic sarcoma and carcinoma of the epithelial cells lining the nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses.

Who are the radium watch-dial painters?

500

The half-life of 238U92 a uranium ore mined in Europe in the early 1900's.

What is 4.5 billion years?

600

This is the model predicting that a specific number of excess cancers will occur as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.

What is absolute risk?


page 164

600

This is what happens to the severity of early tissue reactions, if radiation dose increases.

What is increase?


page 143

600

This type damage to the chromosomes causes most genetic mutations.

What are point lesions?

page


600

The distinguishing or specific cells of a gland of organ, contained in and supported by the connective tissue framework that are deleted by exposure to ionizing radiation.

What are parenchymal cells?

600

This is the most radiosensitive age range for the human ovaries.

What is from 20 to 30 years of age?

700

This is the damage to an organism that occurs as a result of an exposure to some agent, such as ionizing radiation, during the embryonic stage of development also known as birth defects.

What are embryologic effects?


page 174

700

These are some of the reactions that occur, in this stage of ARS, within hours of a whole body absorded dose of 1 Gy or more. Nausea, diarrhea and fatigue.

What is the prodromal stage?


page 147



700

This is the term used for the following types of effects of exposure on a fetus in utero:  Congenital malformations, increased stillbirths and Embryonic, fetal or neonatal death.

What are teratogenic effects?


page

700

This is often occurs when an embryo-fetus is irradiated during the first 12 weeks of development with the equivalent dose in excess of 200 mSv.

What is death or severe congenital abnormalities?

700

Model that predicts that the number of cancer will increase as the natural incidence of cancer increases with advancing age in a population.

What is the relative risk model?

800

This is the term for any radiation dose has the capability of producing a biologic effect at any point of exposure.  No radiation dose can be considered absolutely safe.

What is non-threshold?


page 160

800

This is the term used for a single precursor cell from which all of the cells of the hematopoietic system develop.

What is a pluripotential stem cell?


page 153

800

Incidents of Aplastic anemia and Leukemia were higher in early radiation worker.  These diseases have a biological effect on these type of cells. 

What is blood?


page 167

800

These are the biologic effects of ionizing radiation exposure on future generations.

What are genetic/hereditary effects?

800

1. The point at which a response or reaction to an increasing stimulation first occurs; 2. with reference to oinizing radiation, this means that below a certain radiation level or dose, no biologic effects are observed.

What is a threshold?

900

This is the model predicting that the number of excess cancers will increase as the natural incidents of cancer increases with advancing age in a population.

What is relative risk?


page 164

900

This is the radiation dose that can depress the sperm population and possibly  cause genetic  mutations in future generations.

What is 0.1Gyt?


page 152

900

Cancer and genetic mutations are examples of this type of effect.

What are stochastic effects?


page 160

900

This graph demonstrates through a curve (the DR curve) the observed effects of radiation exposure in relation to the dose of radiation.

What is the radiation-dose-response relationship?

900

This was injected injected intravenously as a contrast agent used in diagnostic angiography between 1925 and 1945, was found to result in many cases of ; liver cancer, spleen cancer, angiosarcomas and biliary duct carcinomas.

What is Thorotrast?

1000

These are non-genetic consequences of radiation exposure that appear months or years afterwards,  These effects may be either stochastic or tissue reactions.

What are late tissue reactions?


page 160

1000

This radiation reaction has a prodromal, latent period, manifest illness of several different biological systems that result in recovery or death.

What is acute radiation syndrome (ARS)?


page 143 - 144

1000

This is the most radiosensitive part of the cell.

What is DNA?


page 

1000

For cataract induction, this is the single threshold exposure.

What is 0.5 Gy?

1000

The equivalent dose of most diagnostic x-rays.

What is less than0.1 Sv?