Show:
Pathologic Principles
Chemotherapy
Detection and Diagnosis
Anatomical Landmarks
Treatment Procedures
100
What are the clinical features of the inflammatory response?
Redness, Warmth, Swelling, Pain
100
What kind of therapy is chemotherapy?
Systemic
100
Differentiate between signs and symptoms.
Sign- an objective finding as perceived by the examiner/physician Symptom- subjective indication of a disease or a change in condition as perceived by the patient
100
What is the tip of the sternum called?
Xiphoid Process
100
Name 2 immobilization devices used in patient set-up.
Bite blocks, sponges, masks, vac loc, etc.
200
What is the most common cause of cell damage?
Hypoxia
200
What stage of the cell cycle is chemotherapy most sensitive?
S Phase
200
Name the 2 most common screening tests used to diagnose prostate cancer.
DRE PSA
200
Which anatomical landmark falls at the level T5-T7?
Carina
200
What are fiducial markers?
Artificial fixed reference points placed internally, at the skin surface, or fixed external to the patient against which other objects can be measured.
300
List 3 differences between benign and malignant tumors.
Benign- slow growing, encapsulated, well-differentiated, no metastasis, insignificant effect on host Malignant- rapid growth, non-encapsulated, range from well to undifferentiated, invasive/ability to metastasize, may result in death of host
300
GI cancers often use what chemotherapy drug?
5 Fluorouracil (5-FU)
300
What is exfoliative cytology? Give an example and tell what cancer diagnosis that example is used in.
The microscopic examination of cells desquamated from a body surface obtained by aspiration, washing, smear, or scraping. Ex) pap smear used in diagnosis of cervical cancer
300
Between which vertebrae does the spinal cord end?
L1-L2
300
What does MLC stand for and how does it work?
Multileaf Collimator -MLCs customize field shape using jaws that have been sliced into opposing leaves that can position independently with each field.
400
What is the difference between Stage and Grade?
Stage- extent of tumor (TNM) Grade- Apparent aggressiveness of cancer cells
400
List 5 side effects of chemotherapy.
Nausea, vomiting, bone marrow suppression, sterility, alopecia, neuropathy, lung damage, kidney damage, liver damage...
400
What anatomic site is responsible for the second highest cancer death rate in women?
Breast Cancer
400
Where is the glabella?
in between the eyebrows on line with the frontal sinus
400
Explain what beam modifiers do and give an example.
Devices that change the shape of the treatment field or distribution of radiation at depth. ex- bolus, wedge, MLC, blocks, etc.
500
Name and define at least one type of DNA mutation.
Gene Amplification- over expression of a gene Chromosome Translocation- Mutations cause chromosome breakage and those fragments move onto another chromosome Gene Transposition- Genes change position on a chromosome Point Mutations- Replacement of a single base nucleotide with another
500
How do alkaloid chemotherapy drugs inhibit cancer growth?
Prevent spindle formation
500
Give an example of subjective data and an example of objective data.
Subjective (focuses on patient's perception and feelings)- patient complaints, symptoms, etc. Objective (obtained by examination or diagnostic studies)- observations made by the physician, results of procedures and/or tests, etc.
500
What is the angle of Louis?
(AKA sternal angle) is the junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum
500
What is feathering?
Migration of the gap through the treatment course to blur dose inhomogeneities in a gapped area.