X-RAY
When were X-rays invented and by who?
What is November 8, 1895 and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen?
Who is responsible for inventing CT?
Who is Godfrey Hounsfield?
Which element's nucleus is primarily responsible for the signal detected in routine clinical MRI?
What is hydrogen?
What type of sound waves are used to create diagnostic ultrasound images?
What are high-frequency sound waves?
What radioactive isotope is commonly used in nuclear medicine imaging because of its favorable imaging characteristics and 6-hour half-life?
What is Technetium-99m (Tc-99m)?
What does ALARA stand for?
What is As Low As Reasonably Achievable?
If all other factors remain constant, what happens to radiation dose when pitch increases in helical CT?
What is a decrease in radiation dose per unit scan length?
Which MRI sequence typically shows fluid, such as cerebrospinal fluid, as bright and is especially useful for detecting edema?
What is a T2-weighted sequence?
What principle describes the change in frequency of sound waves reflected by a moving object, such as blood cells?
What is the Doppler effect?
What type of radiation is detected by a gamma camera during a conventional nuclear medicine study?
What are gamma photons?
Which technical factor primarily controls the quantity of X-ray photons produced?
What is mAs?
What artifact appears as alternating dark and bright streaks near dense structures, such as the skull base, due to differences in X-ray beam energy?
What is beam-hardening artifact?
What does FLAIR stand for?
Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery
If an ultrasound image appears too dark overall, which control should the sonographer adjust to increase the received signal brightness?
What is overall gain?
What component of a gamma camera converts incoming gamma photons into visible light?
What is the scintillation crystal?
What interaction between X-rays and matter is the primary source of subject contrast in diagnostic radiography?
What is Photoelectric Effect?
What measurement scale is used to describe CT attenuation values, with water assigned a value of 0?
What are Hounsfield Units?
What does the acronym SAR stand for, and what does it measure?
What is Specific Absorption Rate, a measure of the rate at which RF energy is absorbed by the body?
What artifact appears as multiple, equally spaced echoes extending deep to a strong reflector, such as gas?
What is reverberation artifact?
In SPECT imaging, what does the acronym stand for?
What is Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography?
For an AP axial projection of the cervical spine, what CR angle and direction are used to best demonstrate the intervertebral disk spaces?
What is a 15–20° cephalad angle?
At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta typically bifurcate into the right and left common iliac arteries?
What is approximately L4?
What MRI artifact occurs when fat and water protons are out of phase, causing a dark line at the interface between fat and water?
What is the India ink artifact, also called the black boundary artifact?
On a normal longitudinal ultrasound image of the kidney, which region typically appears more echogenic than the renal cortex?
What is the renal sinus?
What is the physical process in which a proton in the nucleus converts into a neutron while emitting a positron and a neutrino?
What is beta-plus decay (positron emission)?