Mechanisms & theories of radiation injury
X-rays are a form of what radiation
What is ionizing radiation?
State whether children or adults are more susceptible to damage from radiation
What is children?
The units used to define three quantities of radiation
What is exposure, dose, and dose equivalent?
ALARA concept stands for
What is As Low As Reasonably Achieveable?
The recommended PID cone length for patient protection
What is long cone PID, 16 inches?
State what happens when an uncharged atom or molecule that exists with a single, unpaired electron in its outermost shell (hint: occurs when a xray photon ionizes water)
What is a free radical?
State critcal organs that are exposed during radiographs (4 total, name at least 2)
What is bone marrow, skin, thyroid gland, lens of eye?
The term refering to the measurement of ionization in air produced by xrays
What is Exposure?
The maximum dose of radiation a body can endure with little to no inury
What is Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD)?
The PID must be a minimum of how many inches from the tubehead to the patient
What is 7 inches?
The 2 types of radiation injury
What is ionization and free radical formation?
Radioresistant cells are cells that are resistant to radiation: Name 3 out of the 4 total
What is mature bone, muscle, nerve, brain?
The traditional unit of measurement for dose
What is Radiation absorbed dose (rad)?
The maximum dose or limit for a pregnant dental personnel
What is 0.1 rem/year?
Federal guidelines require the x-ray beam to be collimated no more than how many inches as it exits from the PID to the patients skin
What is 2.75 inches?
State which theory where cell damage results when ionizing radiation directly hits critcal areas, or targets the cell
What is Direct Theory?
All cells in the body except the reproductive cells are called what (hint: not transmitted to future generations)
What is Somatic cells?
1 rem = what amount in sievert (Sv)
What is 0.01 Sv?
non-occupationally exposed person can receive a maximum of what dose per year
what is 0.1 rem/year or 1 mSv/year?
In what filtration are disks added in 0.5 mm increments
What is Added filtration?
State which theory where xray photons are absorbed within the cell and cause formation of toxins, which damage the cell
What is Indirect Theory?
State what happens when cells that divide frequently or undergo many divisions over time are more sensitive to radiation
What is Mitotic Activity?
For natural radiation and synthetic radiation what is the total radiation for average americans (hint: measured in mSv)
What is 6.2 mSv total?
Occupationally exposed person (hygienist) can receive a maximum of what dose per year
What is 5.0 rem/year or 50 mSv/year?
In total filtration, xrays operating above 70 kVp require a minimum total of how many mm of aluminum filtration
What is 2.5 mm aluminum filtration?