Upper Extremity 1
CR entry point for PA, PA oblique, and Lateral projections of the hand
What is 3rd MCP for PA and PA oblique and 2nd MCP for lateral
CR entry for AP shoulder and AP scapula projections
AP shoulder (external, internal rotation): 1" inferior to the coracoid process
AP Scapula: 2" inferior to the coracoid process
CR angulation for AP Axial projections of the toes and foot
Toes: 15 degrees posteriorly to the 3rd MTP
Foot: 10 degrees toward the heel entering base of 3rd metatarsal
CR entry for AP projections of the abdomen with the patient supine and upright
Supine: at iliac crests (include pubic symphysis)
Upright: 2" above iliac crests (include diaphragm)
Method that demonstrates the carpal tunnel
Gaynor Hart
Patient positioning for AP projection of the forearm
Supinate the hand, extend the elbow, place the humeral epicondyles equidistant from IR
Degree of rotation for PA oblique projections of the sternum and sternoclavicular joint
Sternum: 15-20
SC joints: 10-15
Degree of rotation for oblique projections of the foot and ankle
Foot medial oblique: 30
Ankle Mortise: 15-20
Ankle medial oblique: 45
The side placed down to demonstrate a pleural effusion
Affected side
Rationale for performing Grashey and Neer methods
Grashey: Glenoid seen in profile (patient is rotated 35-45 degrees toward affected side)
Neer: Shoulder impingements (from Scapula Y position angle CR 10-15 degrees)
Location of coronoid and coracoid process in the upper extremity
Coronoid: Ulna (Elbow)
Coracoid: Scapula (Shoulder)
CR angulation for AP and PA axial projections of the clavicle (standing or supine positions)
AP Axial: 15-30 cephalic; thinner patients require more angulation
PA Axial: 15-30 caudal
Positioning for the AP projection of the pelvis
Patient supine with lower extremity rotated medially 15-20 degrees (demonstrates femoral neck without foreshortening)
Breathing instructions for sternum and rib projections
Sternum RAO-breathing technique, expiration
Sternum Lateral-inspiration
Upper Ribs-inspiration
Lower ribs-expiration
Methods that demonstrate the Intercondylar fossa
Holmblad, Beclere, Camp Coventry
CR entry for AP projection of the 1st digit and PA projection of 2nd-5th digits
1st Digit: MCP joint
2nd-5th Digits: PIP joint
Breathing instructions for Scapula and Clavicle projections
Scapula AP-Breathing technique
Scapula Lateral-Suspend
AP Clavicle-Expiration
AP Axial Clavicle-Inspiration
Degree and direction of CR angulation for AP projections of the knee (according to Merrills)
18 cm and below: 3-5 caudal
19-24 cm: Perpendicular
25 cm and above: 3-5 cephalic
CR entry (vertebral level) for SC joints and sternum
SC Joints: T3
Sternum: T7
Method that demonstrates lung apices free of superimposition
Lindblom (MCP forms 15-20 degree angle from vertical)
Structures demonstrated on lateral and medial oblique projections of the elbow
AP oblique with lateral rotation: radial head, neck, tuberosity free of superimposition from ulna
AP oblique with medial rotation: coronoid process in profile, olecranon process in olecranon fossa
Structures visualized on AP projections of the shoulder with External and Internal rotation
External rotation: Humeral head in profile, Greater tubercle in profile laterally
Internal rotation: Lesser tubercle in profile pointing medially, Greater tubercle superimposed on the humeral head
IR placement for proximal and distal projections of the femur
Proximal femur: Top of IR at ASIS
Distal femur: Bottom of IR 2" below knee joint
Portion of ribs demonstrated with patient in RPO, LPO, LAO, and RAO positions
RPO: right axillary ribs
LPO: left axillary ribs
LAO: right axillary ribs
RAO: left axillary ribs
Method that demonstrates scaphoid bone free of superimposition
Stecher PA Axial projection
Part or CR is angled 20 degrees