Ethics
A woman is suicidal, and the threat is serious. She refuses hospitalization and insists on leaving. Do you hospitalize her involuntarily?
Yes; patients who are suicidal and wish to leave may be hospitalized involuntarily if the threat is serious
Branching enzyme creates _____ bond
alpha 1-6 glycosidic bond making it branched
What is rickets?
vitamin D deficiency or its abnormal metabolism that occurs in children and interferes with the deposition of bone in the growth plates
Name a teratogen
alcohol, cocaine, heroin, cig smoke, lead, retinoid acid, streptomycin, tetracycline, warfarin, cortisone, X-rays, hyperthermia, infection w/ microorganisms, metabolic condition in mother= diabetes, autoimmune disease, etc.
How would increased survival time affect incidence and prevalence?
It would increase prevalence but would have no effect on incidence
A 35-year-old patient has bruises of different ages on her body. She says that her boyfriend has been "stressed lately." What should you do? (Do you report the incident?)
In cases of intimate partner violence, ensure that patient is safe and has an emergency plan; do not make a report unless mandated by state law
Insulin activates ____ enzyme which activates glycogen synthase
protein phosphatase (removes the phosphate)
Stimulates osteoclast activity, elevates Ca2+ in blood
SHH function?
Brain, spinal cord, and limb development
How does therapy initiation affect incidence and prevalence?
It decreases prevalence but has no effect on incidence
A patient's son asks you not to tell his mom her test results if the prognosis is poor, saying she might harm herself or others. Your response?
You may invoke therapeutic privilege in this case and withhold the information
Glucagon and epinephrine activate _____ to make cAMP
Adenylate cyclase
Name 2 hormones that help maintain bone mass
Estrogen and androgen
HOX function?
Patterning (anteroposterior axis of developing embryos, proximal-distal and anterograde-posterior axis of the developing limbs)
How does extensive vaccine administration affect incidence and prevalence?
It decreases both incidence and prevalence
After a motor vehicle accident, a mother and her 13-year-old son require blood transfusion. Father says both are Jehovah’s Witnesses. What do you do?
Transfuse the son, but not the mother; a healthcare proxy can refuse treatment for an adult patient but not for a minor
Muscle glycogen phosphorylase allosterically activated by elevated levels of?
AMP
Chondrocyte proliferation is stimulated by which 3 hormones?
PTH, GH, and estrogen
Function of FGF
Cell proliferation, migration, cell survival, and differentiation
There are 30 patients with COPD in a town of 1000 inhabitants. What is the prevalence of COPD in this town?
Prevalence = number of existing cases/total number of people in a population = 30/1000 = 0.03 (3%)
A minor urgently needs a blood transfusion. Her parents are opposed on religious grounds. May the physicians provide treatment?
Yes; parental consent is not required in the case of emergency treatment (a minor is generally any person <18 years of age)
Pompe disease is a deficiency in what enzyme?
lysosomal alpha-glucosidase
Mineralization of the bone matrix is initiated by?
and this is secreted by?
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP)
-secreted by the osteoblasts
RET and PAX 3 function
neural crest migration
A study is conducted to assess the prevalence of a chronic disease. Is the prevalence greater than, less than, or equal to the incidence?
Prevalence is much greater than incidence because of the long duration of the disease (chronic disease states)