Rapid Review 2

Diagnosis/Disease

100

Calf pseudohypertrophy

Muscular dystrophy (most commonly Duchenne, due to X-linked recessive frameshift mutation of dystrophin gene)

200

Child uses arms to stand up from squat

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Gowers sign)

300

Dilated cardiomyopathy/high-output heart failure, edema, alcoholism or malnutrition

Wet beriberi (thiamine [vitamin B1] deficiency)

400

Microcephaly, high-pitched cry, intellectual disability

Cri-du-chat (cry of the cat) syndrome

500

Bounding pulses, wide pulse pressure, diastolic heart Aortic regurgitation 298 murmur, head bobbing

Aortic regurgitation

Common Treatment

100

Stable angina

Sublingual nitroglycerin

200

Streptococcus bovis

Penicillin prophylaxis; evaluation for colon cancer if linked to infective endocarditis

300

Hyperaldosteronism

Spironolactone

400

Recurrent UTI prophylaxis

TMP-SMX

500

Malaria

Chloroquine, mefloquine (chloroquine resistant cases), 154 atovaquone/proguanil, primaquine (for liver hypnozoite)

Most Common/Important Associations

100

Hypopituitarism

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

200

Cushing syndrome

Iatrogenic (from glucocorticoid therapy); Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol); ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease); Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)

300

Tumor of infancy

Strawberry hemangioma (grows rapidly and regresses spontaneously by childhood)

400

Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (most common)

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

500

Nephrotic syndrome (children)

Minimal change disease

Equation

100

Relative risk

RR = a/(a + b) over c/(c + d)

200

Number needed to harm

NNH = 1/AR

300

Sensitivity

Sensitivity = TP / (TP + FN)

400

Stroke volume

SV = EDV – ESV

500

Relative risk reduction

RRR = 1 − RR

Diagnosis/Diseases

100

Hair on end” (“crew cut”) appearance on x-ray

β-thalassemia, sickle cell disease (marrow expansion)

200

“Onion skin” periosteal reaction

Ewing sarcoma (malignant small blue cell tumor)

300

“Tram-track” appearance of capillary loops of glomerular Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis basement membranes on light microscopy

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

400

Cellular crescents in Bowman capsule

Rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis

500

Podocyte fusion or “effacement” on electron microscopy

Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)