Criminal Justice
What were the Black Codes?
Laws during Jim Crow that restricted Black people’s right to own property, conduct business, buy and lease land, and move freely through public spaces (example: Vagrancy Laws)
The act that changed the quota calculation to be based on the number of people in the US who traced their origins back to a specific country had two names. List them both.
Immigration Act of 1924
The Johnson-Reed Act
You attend a school that is 40% White, 20% Latine, 25% Black, 10% Asian, and 5% Indigenous American. You identify as Asian and your friend group is 60% Asian, 30% Black, 5% Latine, and 5% Black. This is an example of _____
The equation for racism is?
Racism = prejudice/discrimination + power
According to Alexander, what system is the New Jim Crow?
Mass incarceration
What were convict leasing programs?
Labor agreements between corporations and prisons wherein corporations paid reduced wages (to prison owners) for inmate labor
According to Marcy, Sidney, & Giselle what is a pull-factor for France?
The food is amazing; there are high levels of equality (generally speaking)
You met two people at a Pro-Life rally and became best friends because of this shared interest. This is an example of which form of homophily?
Value homophily
The most segregated city in America is ____?
Milwaukee, WI
According to Golash-Boza, what is due process and why is it important?
Due Process: a legal principle ensuring fairness and impartiality in legal proceedings and government actions.
Importance: protects individuals from arbitrary or unreasonable government interference in their lives, liberty, or property.
What was the primary driver of the Prison Boom?
Changes in sentencing policies
(mandatory minimum sentences, limits on parole, mandatory life sentences, 3-strikes law)
What did the Immigration & Nationality Act of 1965 change/create?
Created immigration preferences for 1) family reunification (75% of visas), 2) highly skilled/trained workers (20% of visas), and 3) refugees (5% of visas)
Changed the immigration quota to 20,000 people/year from all countries
Once economic differences are taken into account, which racial group is most likely to participate in voluntary associations?
Black people
The concept that describes how a person’s worldview (and the position they adopt about politics, research, and life) is informed by their identities and lived experiences.
Positionality
According to the film 13th, how did the War on Drugs influence mass incarceration?
War on Drugs was a set of initiatives from the federal government that include a set of drug policies that are intended to discourage the production, distribution, and consumption of psychoactive drugs
The policies most affected poor, Black and Latine communities (specifically the men in those communities)
Prison Boom refers to the increase in mass incarceration during and after the 1970s (through the early 2000s and today).
The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 made a sentencing disparity between two drugs that are functionally the same. State what the two drugs were and what the disparity between them was.
Crack vs powder cocaine
100:1 sentencing disparity
Describe the myth of the model minority
The mistaken belief that all Asian Americans are more academically, economically, and socially successful than other racial minority groups, and that this success is the result of their supposedly unique Asian cultural values
Which two sociological concepts are about people becoming more connected when they are around each other more?
Mere Exposure Effect
Intergroup Contact Theory
Describe the difference between prejudice and discrimination
Prejudice: A negative attitude about a person or persons based on their (perceived) group membership
Discrimination: Actions (or patterns of action) that have a differential and negative impact on others
According to Stearns et al., what tends to happen to White and Black students' friendships upon entering college?
interracial friendships increase for White students and decrease for students of color
List the three main presidents who had a hand in the War on Drugs (bonus points for listing the fourth president who introduced a change to one of the laws)
Richard Nixon
Ronald Reagan
Bill Clinton
Bonus: Barack Obama (Fair Sentencing Act of 2010)
Why was the Fong Yue Ting v United States Supreme Court case so important? What did it establish?
Supreme Court ruled that deportation is an administrative procedure, not a punishment. So people cannot be deported from the country as consequence for committing a crime
1) People of color have low degrees of social trust, a fundamental prerequisite of community building.
2) People of color are disillusioned with civil society.
3) Racialized economic inequality limits participation.
Describe the difference between race, ethnicity, nationality, AND phenotype.
Race: a symbolic category, based on phenotype or ancestry and constructed according to specific social and historical contexts, that is misrecognized as a natural category
Ethnicity: a shared lifestyle informed by cultural, historical, religious, and/or national affiliations
Nationality: citizenship or continued residence in a nation
Phenotype: observable, physical/visible characteristics
According to Lewis' "America's Whites Only Weed Boom", what is the main disparity being discussed in the reading?
Black people with drug convictions are usually not allowed to work in the legal marijuana industry, but White people with drug convictions are allowed.