Reasoning 1
the first you should look for when examining a syllogism
What is validity?
We apply this validity test by substituting terms in the argument
What is a counterexample?
Rule 1: in at least one premise, this term must be distributed
What is the middle term?
Lincoln's mother told him to be kind to them, counsel that remained with him throughout his life
Who were soldiers?
Anthony's family were of this religious persuasion
What are Quakers?
We say that a syllogism is valid if the conclusion follows these
What are premises?
When a term refers to all members of its category, it is said to be this
What is a distributed term?
Rule 2: If a term is distributed in the conclusion, it must also be distributed in this statement
What is the premise?
The profession where Lincoln found his stride
What is a lawyer?
After receiving educational opportunities unique for a female in her time, Anthony appropriately found work in this field
What is teaching?
When a syllogism has a false conclusion, it is said to be this
What is invalid?
The subjects of these statements are distributed
What are universal statements?
Rule 3: A vaild syllogism cannot have two of these premises
What are negative premises?
Crafted when Lincoln's family moved to Illinois, these objects would become popular emblems of his presidential campaign thirty years later
“I don’t know whether we made those rails or not; fact is, I don’t think they are a credit to the maker; but I know this—I made rails then, and I think I could make better ones than these now.” (Lincoln)
During her time away, these were Anthony's labor of love, for one could require days of work
Validity only depends on this aspect of an argument
What is its form?
The predicates of these statements are distributed
What are negative statements?
Rule 4: A valid syllogism cannot have a negative premise and this sort of conclusion
What is an affirmative conclusion?
Lincoln derived much benefit from Blackstone's law commentaries, which he discovered in this surprising place
What is in a barrel?
Letters in that time had to be first written on this, then carefully copied on paper
What is a slate?
When a syllogism is valid and the premises are true, it is said to be this
What is sound?
The number of rules for testing syllogisms
What are five?
Rule 5: A valid syllogism cannot have two affirmative premises and this sort of conclusion
What is a negative conclusion?
Walt Whitman penned this well-known poem after Lincoln's assassination
What is 'My Captian'?
This political goal of Anthony's life was only realized after her death
What is suffrage for women?