Vocabulary
The period following the Civil War. It was during this time that the U.S. Congress passed laws designed to rebuild the country and bring southern states back into the Union.
Reconstruction
Economy
These were key to the expansion of business, agriculture, and industry. They facilitated, or encouraged, the growth of small towns in cities.
Railroads
Woodrow Wilson was a president who write a plan for world peace after World War I.
This person was a Military leader who wrote an economic plan to ensure world peace after World War II.
George C. Marshall
After World War II, the Civil ______ movement in America began to take shape. African Americans demanded equal treatment and the recognition of their rights as American citizens. Virginia had been segregated for many years, but as a result of the Civil _______ movement, that would finally end.
Rights
The separation of people usually based on race or religion
Segregation
After the Civil War, millions of freed African Americans, also known as _______________, needed housing, education, clothing, food, and jobs.
Freedmen
Coal deposits were found in ______ county, and that area of Virginia grew as people moved to find jobs.
Tazewell County
This was the first African American woman in the United States to establish a bank and become a bank president
We will hopefully visit her house in May!
Maggie L. Walker
Governor known for his "Pay As You Go" policy for road improvements and modernizing state government. He established a policy of Massive Resistance to try to "resist" the integration of public schools. Massive Resistance failed.
Harry F. Byrd, Sr.
Unfair difference in the treatment of people
Discrimination
This agency was formed during Reconstruction. It provided food, schools, and medical care for freed African Americans and others in Virginia.
Freedmen's Bureau
________ farming and products became important Virginia industries.
Tobacco
This person was the first African American winner of a major men's tennis singles championship. He was an author and eloquent (well-spoken) spokesperson for social change.
We will hopefully see a monument to him on Monument Avenue in May!
Arthur R. Ashe, Jr.
In the 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" public schools were unconstitutional. This was a lawyer and civil rights leader who played a key role in this case/decision.
Oliver W. Hill
These were laws passed in the southern states that legally established segregation.
(unfair poll taxes, tests, etc.)
Jim Crow Laws
This became common in Virginia after the Civil War. In this system, freedmen and poor white farmers rented land from a landowner by promising to pay the owner with a share of the crops.
Sharecropping
As Virginia grew, so did the need for more and better __________.
Roads
This was a governor of Virginia. He was the first African American to be elected a state governor in the United States.
L. Douglas Wilder
People began to move from rural to urban areas in search of ____________ ___________.
Economic Opportunities
Full equality of people of all races in the use of public facilities and services
Integration
Desegregation = End of racial segregation
During Reconstruction, African Americans began to have power in Virginia's government. For the first time, men of all races could __________.
Vote
However, "Jim Crow" laws meant: unfair polling taxes, voting tests, etc.
During the 20th and 21st centuries, Virginia changed from a rural, agricultural society to a more ______, ______ society.
Urban (Virginia's cities grew), Industrialized
*Old systems of farming no longer effective, crop prices low
This was a governor of Virginia. He promoted racial equality, appointing more African Americans and women to positions in Virginia state government than previous governors.
A. Linwood Holton, Jr.
This amendment to the Constitution gave women the right to vote in 1920
19th