Amendements
This 1865 Constitutional Amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude across the United States, except as a punishment for a crime.
What is the 13th Amendment?
What landmark 1896 Supreme Court decision declared Jim Crow segregation legal?
Plessy v. Ferguson
Southern states could be readmitted to the Union under Lincoln's plan once this percentage of voters took a loyalty oath.
What is 10%?
Established in March 1865, what was the primary federal agency created to provide food, medical care and education to newly freed individuals?
What is the Freedmen's Bureau?
This controversial political agreement resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election and directly led to the end of Reconstruction.
What is the Compromise of 1877?
Under Section 1 of the 14th Amendment, all persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction hold this status.
What are citizens of the United States?
White voters often avoided paying poll taxes due to this provision, which exempted anyone whose grandfather had been eligible to vote.
What is the Grandfather Clause?
Abraham Lincoln designed his 10% Plan in 1864 with this primary goal in mind.
What is bringing the nation back together as fast as possible?
These two discriminatory barriers—one a mandatory reading exam and the other a voting fee with a "grandfather clause"—were used by Southern states to prevent freedmen from exercising their 15th Amendment rights.
What are literacy tests and poll taxes?
During Reconstruction, federal troops occupied the South primarily to guarantee this specific constitutional right for African American men.
What is the right to vote?
This amendment granted Black men the right to vote, though they were later silenced by poll taxes, fraud, and violence?
What is the 15th Amendment?
Under this agricultural system, freedmen rented land at high interest rates, leaving generations of families trapped in debt to white landowners.
What is share sharecropping and tenant farming?
Andrew Johnson holds this unique historical distinction among Southern senators following the secession of Confederate states.
Who was the only senator from a seceded state not to leave Congress?
What was considered the Freedmen's Bureau's greatest success helping an estimated 200,000 individuals?
What is education?
The Compromise of 1877 officially brought an end to this military status in the Southern states.
What is military occupation (or the presence of Union troops)?
Section 1 of the 14th Amendment guarantees that no State shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without this.
What is due process of law?
Southern states passed these discriminatory state laws in order to criminalize Black life and restrict the rights of newly freed citizens
What are Black Codes?
Under the Radical Republican plan, this higher threshold percentage of voters had to take a loyalty oath before being allowed to vote.
What is 50%?
A short-lived policy where the U.S. government would provide freedmen two things, this was meant to ensure an opportunity at owning land, and pursuing wealth and prosperity.
What is 40 acres and a mule?
A white supremist group who used violence, intimidation, and fear tactics to scare black freedmen from participating in politics, voting, or pursuing freedoms in society.
What is the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)?
Found in Section 2 of the 13th Amendment, Section 5 of the 14th Amendment, and Section 2 of the 15th Amendment, this specific body is granted the power to enforce each article by appropriate legislation.
What is Congress?
These specific statutes made it illegal to be in public without proof of employment, proof of address, or to stand around in one spot.
What are vagrancy laws (or loitering laws)?
By this year, all Southern states had successfully re-formed their governments and ratified the required Constitutional amendments.
What is 1870?
Laws created by white southerners to enforce racial segregation across the South from the 1870s through the 1960s.
What are Jim Crow laws?
Following the end of Reconstruction, this legal system of mandatory racial segregation was instituted across the South, eventually upheld by the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling.
What are Jim Crow laws?