Reconstruction
This amendment abolished slavery in the United States.
What is the 13th Amendment?
This voting restriction allowed certain individuals to bypass new voting requirements if their ancestors had voted before the Civil War.
What are grandfather clauses?
Carnegie argued in this essay that the wealthy had a moral obligation to distribute their riches for the public good.
What is "The Gospel of Wealth"?
This financial crisis in 1873 triggered a severe economic depression and led to widespread business failures and unemployment.
What is the Panic of 1873?
This theory applied Charles Darwin’s ideas to human society, arguing that the wealthy and powerful were naturally superior.
What is Social Darwinism?
This constitutional amendment granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S.
What is the 14th Amendment?
These were fees required to vote, which disenfranchised many Black Americans and poor whites.
What are poll taxes?
This 1894 strike against a company town led by Debs shut down railroad traffic and mail delivery until federal troops intervened.
What is the Pullman Strike?
He built a massive oil empire through Standard Oil and used horizontal integration to dominate the industry.
Who is John D. Rockefeller?
This business strategy involves taking over competing companies in the same industry to create a monopoly.
What is horizontal integration?
This amendment gave Black men the right to vote.
What is the 15th Amendment?
A journalist and activist exposed the horrors of lynching in the South and became a leading voice for civil rights and women's suffrage.
Who is Ida B. Wells?
This 1892 steelworkers' strike turned deadly after a violent clash with Pinkerton guards at a Carnegie-owned plant.
What is the Homestead Steel Strike?
This banking tycoon helped finance railroads and reorganize major corporations, and later helped bail out the U.S. government in 1895.
Who is J.P. Morgan?
This labor leader was jailed after leading the nationwide Pullman Strike and later ran for president as a socialist.
Who is Eugene V. Debs?
These discriminatory laws were passed in the South to restrict the freedoms of newly freed African Americans.
What were the Black Codes?
These tests were unfairly administered to African Americans to prevent them from voting.
What are literacy tests?
This term described the South’s post-Reconstruction efforts to modernize its economy while keeping social and racial hierarchies intact.
What is the “New South”?
A steel magnate who promoted philanthropy among the rich.
Who is Andrew Carnegie?
This strategy involves controlling every step of production, from raw materials to distribution.
What is vertical integration?
This system kept freedmen economically dependent by tying them to land owned by white landlords.
What is sharecropping?
This Supreme Court case upheld racial segregation under the doctrine “separate but equal.”
What is Plessy v. Ferguson?
This informal agreement marked the end of Reconstruction by removing federal troops from the South in exchange for resolving a disputed presidential election.
What is the Compromise of 1877?
This 1890 law was the first federal attempt to regulate large monopolies and promote fair competition.
What is the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?
This general term refers to government policies and corporate legal tools used to break up unions and strikes.
What is the Antitrust Act?