Oral Language
What are aural language skills?
Domain-specific words, like refraction and astigmatism, fall within this Tier.
What is Tier III?
Bonus Question (100 pts): What are the other two tiers?
According to DeVries (2019), this is defined as "the ability to read with automatic word recognition, expression, and meaning" (p. 260). According to Gunning (2020), it is has four components: accuracy, automaticity, prosody, and comprehension. Both authors are referencing which skill?
What is fluency?
Note: Operating definition of fluency for RED 4510 is "the ability to read with accuracy, rate (automaticity), and prosody."
Teachers can scaffold the level of difficulty in comprehension by differentiating the difficulty level of the questions they ask students. Using this model, teachers can vary questions based on cognitive domain.
What is Bloom's Taxonomy?
Also acceptable: What is Webb's Depth-of-Knowledge?
This is defined as "the process of simultaneously extracting and constructing meaning through interaction and involvement with written language" (RAND Reading Study Group [RRSG], 2002).
What is comprehension?
When developing students' oral language skills related to phonological development, teachers may have students sort words (or pictures) into groups where each word (picture) starts with the same sound and then say each word (picture) aloud. This activity is known as a...
What is a word (picture) sort?
Homophones, homographs, figurative language, and multiple meaning words are often difficult for English Language Learners to grasp, so any time a teacher can use this instructional strategy (when s/he provides words that are similar in structure and/or meaning to an ELL's native language), it is often beneficial.
What are cognates?
Using appropriate reading rate, having automatic word recognition and word analysis skills, using intonation to convey meaning, and adhering to punctuation cues are all characteristics of...
What is a fluent reader?
The following text structures (enumeration-description, time sequence, explanation-process, comparison-contrast, problem-solution, and cause-effect) are often related to this type of text.
What is an informational text?
This term is defined by Sulzby (1989b, p. 84) as "the reading and writing behaviors that precede and develop into conventional literacy" (as cited in Gunning, 2020, p. 116).
What is emergent literacy?
It could be argued that this literary genre falls within the narrative category. Regardless, this genre is often used to help students develop proficiency within oral language and/or oral reading fluency and may include rhyme, alliteration, or language that evokes strong emotion.
What is poetry?
These instructional devices allow students to view and construct relationships among words. Examples include, but are not limited to, semantic maps, pictorial maps, webs, and semantic feature analysis.
What are graphic organizers?
This instructional technique can be used to develop students' oral reading fluency skills. Each student is assigned a specific role and given a corresponding script. Students are expected to practice their lines by reading/rereading the script and then reading their assigned parts aloud and with expression.
What is Reader's Theater?
When introducing a fiction text, a teacher may have students first read aloud a non-fiction text to provide background information necessary for providing context for what is taking place within the fiction text. This is known as...
What is the Twin-Text Instructional Strategy?
When working on content with English Language Learners, teachers will often include a language objective, in addition to the content objective, and focus on one (or more) of the these four areas in language.
What are listening, reading, writing, and speaking?
In this approach, students share their own experiences/stories orally, while the teacher writes down the students' exact words. Afterwards, the students have a foundation to work from as they develop their understanding of formal/academic writing. This is a useful strategy to with ELLs to develop comprehension, oral language, and writing.
What is the Language Experience Approach (LEA)?
When teachers model how to identify a term using its word parts (e.g., morphemes, syllables, etc.) in multiple contexts and provide examples and non-examples of the word, they are providing what type of vocabulary instruction?
What is explicit, systematic vocabulary instruction?
This formal diagnostic test measures subskills for fluency in subtests related to word identification, word attack, and passage comprehension.
What is the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test?
Also acceptable: What is the Woodcock-Johnson IV?
This assessment protocol is being used in the RED 4541 course.
This purpose of this instructional strategy is to develop students' ability to comprehend a text by answering questions that are either "In the Text" (e.g., Right There, Think and Search) and "In My Head" (e.g., Author and Me, On My Own).
What is Question-Answer Relationship (QAR)?
Before focusing on instruction related to vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension, it is important that students have a solid foundation in phonics development. According to Gunning (2020), there are two main approaches to take when systematically and explicitly teaching phonics. They are...
What are Analytic and Synthetic Approaches?
According to Peregoy and Boyle (2017), academic language primarily differs from social language in these two areas.
What are form (including vocabulary, syntax) and function (including discourse and purpose)?
This graphic organizer uses a grid to compare words that fall into a single category and can be used to provide additional context and connections between words.
What is a Semantic Feature Analysis?
This instructional strategy is often associated with development of vocabulary knowledge. However, to develop oral reading fluency, students can deconstruct words into their morphemes, say the words in their smallest meaningful parts, put them back together, and say the words as a whole. Students can place the words in contextual sentences and practice reading the sentences aloud.
What is word analysis?
This instructional strategy is used to scaffold development for higher order thinking in comprehension. In this instructional strategy, students read a text and then discuss it, using four specific techniques: Predicting, Question Generating, Clarifying, and Summarizing.
What is Reciprocal Teaching?
According to the following two theories, students develop comprehension a text by a) making connections between information in the passage and what the student already knows and b) creating a mental image of what is taking place in the story by using both text structures and/or pictures within the text.
What are Schema Theory and Situation (Mental Model) Theory?