Redlining
What does the acronym HOLC stand for?
Home Owners’ Loan Corporation.
According to our presentation, Minneapolis currently has one of the largest gaps in this type of wealth-building activity in the country.
Homeownership.
Residents in formerly redlined areas often face higher rates of this respiratory condition due to poor air quality.
Asthma
This modern process involves the "renewal" of a neighborhood that often leads to the displacement of original, lower-income residents.
Gentrification.
Which color was used on HOLC maps to indicate the "most desirable" neighborhoods for real estate investment?
Green
This specific Minneapolis neighborhood is often cited in the slides as having been significantly impacted by historical redlining.
Near North (or North Minneapolis)
This term describes how formerly redlined neighborhoods are often significantly hotter than "Green" neighborhoods due to a lack of trees.
The Urban Heat Island Effect.
The presentation notes that home equity is the primary way American families build this across generations.
Intergenerational Wealth.
This 1968 Act officially made housing discrimination and redlining illegal in the United States.
The Fair Housing Act
Many property deeds in Minneapolis once contained these "covenants," which legally prohibited non-white people from buying or occupying certain homes.
Racial Restrictive Covenants.
High levels of this toxic metal are more commonly found in the soil and older housing of formerly redlined districts.
Lead
Name one of the four themes of gentrification identified in the Twin Cities resident interviews.
Loss of Community Control, Physical Displacement, Cultural Displacement, or Presence of Whiteness.
True or False: Redlining was a practice used by private banks, but it was never supported or funded by the federal government.
False (It was a federal policy driven by the FHA and HOLC)
In the 1930s, the presence of even a single family of this background could cause an entire Minneapolis block to be "redlined."
African American (or Black).
How does the lack of "Green Space" in redlined areas affect the mental health of the community?
It increases stress levels and reduces opportunities for physical activity and community gathering.
What was the percentage of Black homeownership in Minneapolis mentioned in the slides?
24% (compared to 76% for white households
What specific "risk level" did the color red represent on a city's residential security map?
Hazardous
Besides race, what other "detrimental influence" did HOLC appraisers look for when grading Minneapolis neighborhoods?
Proximity to industrial sites or "smoke and odors."
What is the term for the deliberate placement of polluting industries and highways in low-income, minority neighborhoods?
Environmental Racism
What is one proposed "policy solution" mentioned in the presentation to help address the damage caused by redlining?
Down payment assistance for descendants of redlined areas, zoning reform, or community land trusts