Relative
The girl who is printing the book is the author.
The girl printing the book is the author
As soon as Jack entered the house, his mum started cleaning.
If consumed in moderation, wine can have health benefits.
Function?
Condition
The victim who was shot by the assassin has been announced dead this morning.
The victim shot by the assassin has been announced dead this morning.
As soon as I finish my dinner, I'll wash the pots.
Upon/on finishing my dinner, I'll wash the pots.
Katrina fell over a banana skin, twisting her ankle in the process. Function?
REsult
The pens which are being refilled are black.
The pens being refilled are black.
Though the president felt happy that he'd won, he was also feeling quite nervous.
Though feeling happy that he'd won, the president was also feeling quite nervous.
After parking his car, he wandered down the street.
Having parked his car, he wandered down the street.
Function? Any difference?
No.
one action after another.
No difference → here we can use both having + pp/ -ing
The crabs which were being eaten by the customers were delicious.
The crabs being eaten by the customers were delicious.
Because I had won the competition, I knew I would become more famous.
Having won the competition/After winning the competition...
Having grown up England, she knew how to make a great cuppa.
Listening to music with his headphones on, he never heard the phone ring. Function? But what’s the difference?
In the first sentence, the cause and effect happened at different times, whereas in the second sentence the cause and effect are simultaneous.