In addition to these various types of deep mining, several types of surface mining may be used when minerals lie relatively close to the surface of the Earth. One type is open-pit mining. The first step is to remove the overburden, the layers of rock and earth lying above the ore, with giant scrapers. The ore is broken up in a series of blasting operations. Power shovels pick up the pieces and load them into trucks or, in some cases, ore trains. These carry it up ramps to ground level. Soft ores are removed by drilling screws, called augers.
The word "them" in paragraph 1 refers to
(A) power shovels
(B) layers of rock and earth
(C) giant scrapers
(D) pieces of ore
(D) pieces of ore
The finishing-off process of mining is called mineral concentration. In this process, the desired substances are removed from the waste in various ways. One technique is to bubble air through a liquid in which ore particles are suspended. Chemicals are added that make the minerals cling to the air bubbles. The bubbles rise to the surface with the mineral particles attached, and they can be skimmed off and saved.
The word "they" in paragraph 3 refers to
(A) the processes
(B) the air bubbles
(C) the chemicals
(D) the minerals
(D) the minerals
Some people associate migration mainly with birds. Birds do travel vast distances, but mammals also migrate. An example is the caribou, reindeer that graze on the grassy slopes of northern Canada. When the weather turns cold, they travel south until spring. Their tracks are so well-worn that they are clearly visible from the air. Another migrating mammal is the Alaska fur seal. These seals breed only in the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea. The young are born in June and by September are strong enough to go with their mothers on a journey of over 3,000 miles.
The phrase "An example" in the passage refers to an example of a
(A) migratory mammal
(B) place where animals migrate
(C) bird
(D) person who associates migration with birds
(A) migratory mammal
Design is the arrangement of materials to produce certain effects. Design plays a role in visual arts and in the creation of commercial products as well. Designers are concerned with the direction of lines, the size of shapes, and the shading of colors. They arrange these patterns in ways that are satisfying to viewers. There are various elements involved in creating a pleasing design.
The word "They" in paragraph 1 refers to
(A) designers
(B) lines, shapes, and colors
(C) directions, size, and shape
(D) visual arts
(A) designers
Although they had been used to haul freight and passengers between the Eastern seaboard and the Ohio Valley since 1812, wagon trains were first used extensively in the 1820's on the Santa Fe Trail. Long trains of covered wagons drawn by oxen or mules carried manufactured goods to trade for fur, gold, and silver in Santa Fe. The independent traders who pooled their resources to form these trains elected a captain and several lieutenants who commanded the parallel columns in which the wagons usually moved. They enforced the rules, selected the routes, and designated stopping places.
The word "their" in the paragraph refers to
(A) the covered wagons'
(B) the oxen and mules'
(C) the independent traders'
(D) the captain and lieutenants'
(C) the independent traders'
In addition to these various types of deep mining, several types of surface mining may be used when minerals lie relatively close to the surface of the Earth. One type is open-pit mining. The first step is to remove the overburden, the layers of rock and earth lying above the ore, with giant scrapers. The ore is broken up in a series of blasting operations. Power shovels pick up the pieces and load them into trucks or, in some cases, ore trains. These carry it up ramps to ground level. Soft ores are removed by drilling screws, called augers.
To which of the following does the word "These" in paragraph 1 refer?
(A) Ramps
(B) Trucks or ore trains
(C) Augers
(D) Blasting operations
(B) Trucks or ore trains
Mount Rainier, the heart of Mt. Rainier National Park, is the highest mountain in the state of Washington and in the Cascade Range. The mountain's summit is broad and rounded. It is 14,410 feet above sea level and has an area of about one square mile. Numerous steam and gas jets occur around the crater, but the volcano has been sleeping for many centuries.
To which of the following does the word "It" in paragraph 1 refer?
(A) Mt. Rainier
(B) The summit
(C) The Cascade range
(D) The national park
(B) The summit
Some people associate migration mainly with birds. Birds do travel vast distances, but mammals also migrate. An example is the caribou, reindeer that graze on the grassy slopes of northern Canada. When the weather turns cold, they travel south until spring. Their tracks are so well-worn that they are clearly visible from the air. Another migrating mammal is the Alaska fur seal. These seals breed only in the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea. The young are born in June and by September are strong enough to go with their mothers on a journey of over 3,000 miles.
In the passage, the word "Their" is a reference to the
(A) caribou's
(B) grassy slopes'
(C) birds'
(D) seals'
(A) caribou's
Harmony, or balance, can be obtained in a number of ways. It may be either symmetrical (in balance) or asymmetrical (out of balance, but still pleasing to the eye). Or a small area may balance a large area if it has an importance to the eye (because of color or treatment) which equals that of the larger area.
The word "that" in paragraph 2 is used as a reference to
(A) a color
(B) an area
(C) importance
(D) balance
(C) importance
Although they had been used to haul freight and passengers between the Eastern seaboard and the Ohio Valley since 1812, wagon trains were first used extensively in the 1820's on the Santa Fe Trail. Long trains of covered wagons drawn by oxen or mules carried manufactured goods to trade for fur, gold, and silver in Santa Fe. The independent traders who pooled their resources to form these trains elected a captain and several lieutenants who commanded the parallel columns in which the wagons usually moved. They enforced the rules, selected the routes, and designated stopping places.
To what does the word "They" in the last sentence refer?
(A) the leaders
(B) the traders
(C) the parallel columns
(D) the stopping places
(A) the leaders
Another type is called "placer" mining. Sometimes heavy metals such as gold are found in soil deposited by streams and rivers. The soil is picked up by a power shovel and transferred to a long trough. Water is run through the soil in the trough. This carries soil particles away with it. The metal particles are heavier than the soil and sink to the bottom, where they can be recovered.
The phrase "Another type" in paragraph 2 is a reference to another type of
(A) deep mining
(B) ore
(C) metal
(D) surface mining
(D) surface mining
Mount Rainier has a permanent ice cap and extensive snow fields, which give rise to over forty glaciers. These feed swift streams and tumbling waterfalls that race through the glacial valleys. Forests extend to 4,500 feet. There are alpine meadows between the glaciers and the forests which contain beautiful wild flowers. The Nisqually Glacier is probably the ice region that is most often explored by visitors. Paradise Valley, where hotel accommodations are available, perches on the mountain's slope at 5,400 feet. The Wonderland Trail encircles the mountain. Its 90- mile length can be covered in about a week's time.
The word "These" in paragraph 2 refers to which of the following?
(A) Snow fields
(B) Steam and gas jets
(C) Glaciers
(D) Streams and waterfalls
(C) Glaciers
Some people associate migration mainly with birds. Birds do travel vast distances, but mammals also migrate. An example is the caribou, reindeer that graze on the grassy slopes of northern Canada. When the weather turns cold, they travel south until spring. Their tracks are so well-worn that they are clearly visible from the air. Another migrating mammal is the Alaska fur seal. These seals breed only in the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea. The young are born in June and by September are strong enough to go with their mothers on a journey of over 3,000 miles. Together they swim down the Pacific Coast of North America. The females and young travel as far as southern California. The males do not journey so far. They swim only to the Gulf of Alaska.
To what does the word "they" in the passage refer?
(A) female seals
(B) young seals
(C) the islands
(D) male seals
(D) male seals
Contrast is the opposite of harmony. The colors red and orange harmonize, since orange contains red. A circle and oval harmonize, as they are both made up of curved lines. But a short line does not harmonize with a long line. It is in contrast.
The word "It" in paragraph 3 is used as a reference to
(A) a circle
(B) the color red
(C) a long line
(D) a short line
(D) a short line
In most of the earliest books for children, illustrations were an afterthought. But in the Caldecott "toy books," pictures were as important as the few lines of copy, and they occupied far more space. One can almost read the nursery rhymes from the dramatic action in the pictures.
The word "they" in paragraph 1 refers to
(A) the earliest books for children
(B) lines of copy
(C) the Caldecott "toy books"
(D) pictures
(D) pictures
Another type is called "placer" mining. Sometimes heavy metals such as gold are found in soil deposited by streams and rivers. The soil is picked up by a power shovel and transferred to a long trough. Water is run through the soil in the trough. This carries soil particles away with it. The metal particles are heavier than the soil and sink to the bottom, where they can be recovered.
The word "This" in paragraph 2 refers to
(A) a power shovel
(B) gold
(C) running water
(D) a long trough
(C) running water
Mount Rainier has a permanent ice cap and extensive snow fields, which give rise to over forty glaciers. These feed swift streams and tumbling waterfalls that race through the glacial valleys. Forests extend to 4,500 feet. There are alpine meadows between the glaciers and the forests which contain beautiful wild flowers. The Nisqually Glacier is probably the ice region that is most often explored by visitors. Paradise Valley, where hotel accommodations are available, perches on the mountain's slope at 5,400 feet. The Wonderland Trail encircles the mountain. Its 90- mile length can be covered in about a week's time.
The word "which" in paragraph 2 refers to
(A) forests
(B) wild flowers
(C) alpine meadows
(D) glacial valleys
(C) alpine meadows
In the spring, males and females all return to the islands, and there the cycle begins again. Whales are among the greatest migrators of all. The humpback, fin, and blue whales migrate thousands of miles each year from the polar seas to the tropics. Whales eat huge quantities of tiny plants and animals (called plankton). These are most abundant in cold polar waters. In winter, the whales move to warm waters to breed and give birth to their young.
In the paragraph, the word "there" refers to
(A) the Gulf of Alaska
(B) the Pribilof Islands
(C) southern California
(D) the Pacific Coast of North America
(B) the Pribilof Islands
Unity occurs when all the elements in a design combine to form a consistent whole. Unity resembles balance. A design has balance if its masses are balanced, or if its tones and colors harmonize. But unity differs from balance because it implies that balanced elements work together to form harmony in the design as a whole.
In paragraph 4, the word "it" refers to
(A) unity
(B) balance
(C) a design
(D) a consistent whole
(A) unity
Since then, thousands of successful picture books have been published in the United States and in many countries around the world. In the best, the text and illustrations seem to complement each other perfectly. Often one person is the author and illustrator-for example, Robert McCloskey (Make Way for Ducklings) and Arnold Loebel (Frog and Toad Together). Many others have been produced by an author-artist team, as in The Happy Lion, written by Louise Fatio and illustrated by Roger Duvoisin.
The phrase "the best" in paragraph 2 refers to the best
(A) picture books
(B) illustrations
(C) authors
(D) nursery rhymes
(A) picture books
The finishing-off process of mining is called mineral concentration. In this process, the desired substances are removed from the waste in various ways. One technique is to bubble air through a liquid in which ore particles are suspended. Chemicals are added that make the minerals cling to the air bubbles. The bubbles rise to the surface with the mineral particles attached, and they can be skimmed off and saved.
In paragraph 3, the phrase "this process" refers to
(A) surface mining
(B) the depositing of soil
(C) mineral concentration
(D) placer mining
(C) mineral concentration
Mount Rainier has a permanent ice cap and extensive snow fields, which give rise to over forty glaciers. These feed swift streams and tumbling waterfalls that race through the glacial valleys. Forests extend to 4,500 feet. There are alpine meadows between the glaciers and the forests which contain beautiful wild flowers. The Nisqually Glacier is probably the ice region that is most often explored by visitors. Paradise Valley, where hotel accommodations are available, perches on the mountain's slope at 5,400 feet. The Wonderland Trail encircles the mountain. Its 90- mile length can be covered in about a week's time.
What does the word "Its" in paragraph 2 refer to?
(A) The trail's
(B) An ice region's
(C) The mountain's
(D) A week's
(A) The trail's
In the spring, males and females all return to the islands, and there the cycle begins again. Whales are among the greatest migrators of all. The humpback, fin, and blue whales migrate thousands of miles each year from the polar seas to the tropics. Whales eat huge quantities of tiny plants and animals (called plankton). These are most abundant in cold polar waters. In winter, the whales move to warm waters to breed and give birth to their young.
The word "These" in the passage refers to
(A) three types of whales
(B) tiny plants and animals
(C) polar seas
(D) warm waters
(B) tiny plants and animals
Although they had been used to haul freight and passengers between the Eastern seaboard and the Ohio Valley since 1812, wagon trains were first used extensively in the 1820's on the Santa Fe Trail. Long trains of covered wagons drawn by oxen or mules carried manufactured goods to trade for fur, gold, and silver in Santa Fe. The independent traders who pooled their resources to form these trains elected a captain and several lieutenants who commanded the parallel columns in which the wagons usually moved. They enforced the rules, selected the routes, and designated stopping places.
To what does the word "they" in Line 1 refer?
(A) the Eastern Seaboard and the Ohio Valley
(B) wagon trains
(C) freights and passengers
(D) oxen and mules
(B) wagon trains
Wordless picture books have also become popular. With a little help, three- or four-year-olds can follow the sequence of events and they can understand the stories suggested in them. One of the most delightful examples of a wordless book is Jan Ormerod's Sunshine.
The word "they" in paragraph 3 refers to
(A) delightful examples
(B) events
(C) 3- and 4-year-olds
(D) wordless picture books
(C) 3- and 4-year-olds