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Catholic Church
Lutheranism
Calvinism
Counter-Reformation
Terms
100
Explain the sale of indulgences.
The sale of indulgences was done by the Catholic Church. They would basically sell "penance" or the forgiveness to get into heaven for sins committed.
100
Who was Martin Luther?
Martin Luther was a German priest who condemned the sale of indulgences. He wrote about this in the 95 theses. He later began the Lutheran faith.
100
What did John Calvin think about bishops?
He didn't believe they should exist.
100
What does the term Counter-Reformation mean?
The Counter-Reformation was the response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation. Basically the Catholic church made some changes, and then used missionaries such as the Jesuits to get people to come back to the church or gain new converts.
100
What is the Reformation?
A movement meant to "reform" or make changes within the Catholic Church.
200
What does the term "Holy Roman Empire" refer to?
The notion that the nation and church under the Catholic Rule were one in the same in Europe.
200
Explain the content of the 95 theses and where they were put (why was that location important?)
The 95 Theses were written by Luther to condemn the sale of indulgences and other corrupt things that the Catholic Church was doing. It was nailed to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany. This was important because it was in a very visible and public location for all to see. Also it was directly put on the symbol of the institution it condemned (a church).
200
Why did John Calvin like the "apostle" model of leadership?
He thought we should go back to the time of apostles, and not have bishops. He believed all ministers should be equal (like apostles).
200
Who was Saint Ignatius of Loyola and what were his "Spiritual Exercises"?
St. Ignatius of Loyola started the Jesuit order. The "Spiritual Exercises" were a series of prayer exercises meant to strengthen your faith.
200
What are the "95 theses" and who wrote them, and where were they?
The 95 theses were written by Martin Luther. They were a list of reasons Luther thought that the Catholic Church was corrupt. Namely, he mentioned the sale of indulgences.
300
During the time of the Holy Roman Empire, explain how the Catholic Church governed? Hint: The leaders.
The Catholic church governed with a pyramid structure, where the Pope was at the top, then the bishops, then the priests, and the lay people at the bottom.
300
What were congregations?
A group of people that came together for religious reasons.
300
What were some of the jobs of ministers?
Preach, administer sacraments, spiritual welfare of people.
300
Who were the Jesuits and what did they do?
The Jesuits were an order of Catholic priests started by St. Ignatius of Loyola. Their focus was on education. They were sent as missionaries to the Americas and Asia to gain new converts.
300
What does the term "Protestant" mean?
A Protestant stems from the word "protest" meaning to protest the Catholic Church. A Protestant is a follower of one of the Christian churches that broke away from the Catholic Church.
400
Explain the political/religious corruption of the Catholic Church and how it led to the Reformation?
The church was corrupt because of it's abuse of power, such as the sale of indulgences. Also the leadership (pyramid). It led to the Reformation because Martin Luther demanded changes.
400
What was the German liturgy and why was it important?
The German liturgy was a German mass booklet, and it was important because it was written in the language of the people. The Catholic Church did everything in Latin, so the laypeople did not usually understand.
400
Who were the elders and how were they elected and where did they live?
The elders were lay men. They were elected by the city council and lived in the congregation.
400
What was the Council of Trent, and who was involved?
It was a gathering of the major Roman Catholic leaders. It was a response to the Reformation.
400
Connection between Democracy & Lutheranism?
In Lutheranism, the congregation would choose their own ministers. This is a Democratic process, instead of the Catholic Church's assigned leaders from the Pope down. This puts the power in the people@
500
Explain how the Catholic Church used its power to control nations and it's people through the Holy Roman Empire.
The Holy Roman Empire was the way the Catholic church governed through religious and political means in a given territory. There was little to no "separation of church & state." So this is how the Catholic Church had all the power through the use of its pyramid structure of leadership.
500
Who were the ministers chosen by?
The congregation.
500
Who were the deacons? What did they do? And how were they appointed?
Laymen. Worked with the poor. Elected by popular vote (democratic).
500
What were some of the specific issues the Council of Trent clarified in response to the Protestant Reformation?
Salvation, Biblical cannon, and sacraments.
500
Explain the connection between Council of Trent & heresy?
The Council of Trent was part of the Counter-Reformation and it declared what it meant by "Protestant heresy." Heresy is anything said in opposition of the Catholic Church.