Reform
Wycliffe, Hus and Erasmus wanted to reform what
The practices of the Catholic Church
The Catholic Church responded to Luther with what punishment
Excommunication
Philip II attempted to invade England for what purpose
re-Catholicize England
Act or opinions against tradition teachings of religious doctrine
Heresy
What are indulgences?
•certificates issued by the church that reduced or canceled punishment for a person’s sins
The HRE put Martin Luther on trial at the ___________________
Diet of Worms
What was the cause of the 30 Years' War?
Holy Roman Emperor attempting to re-Catholicize the Empire
King Henry VIII wanted to ____ his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, or declare it invalid
annul
List 3 practices of the Catholic Church that reformers wanted to change.
○Simony: buying and selling of high church offices
○Nepotism: granting of offices to relatives (ex. Pope Alexander VI conferred a cardinals hat to his 16 year old son)
○Pluralism: holding of multiple church offices
○Absenteeism: not showing up for church duties
○Poorly educated lower clergy-- some did not know Latin
○Gambling, drinking, breaking vows of celibacy
○Indulgences: remission of all or part of punishment for sin after death
List 2 declarations made in the Edict of Worms.
1.Luther was an outlaw and a heretic
2.No one could provide food or shelter to Luther
3.All of his books and teachings would be burned
The Princes' Revolt ended with the Peace of Augsburg that stated what:
freedom to choose religion in Holy Roman Empire
Wife of Henry VIII who produced his only son
Jane Seymour
gave all the powers of the Catholic Church to Henry VIII and his descendants to throne
1534 Act of Supremacy
Who started the Society of Jesus?
Ignatius of Loyola
List 2 reasons why the Treaty of Westphalia and the 30 Years War is important
§Ends wars of religion - future conflicts will be political
§Biggest Winners:
§Sweden: control of Baltic
§France: dominant power of Western Europe
§Territory of HRE: full sovereignty; each German Prince becomes free from HRE and able to choose their own religion
§Biggest Losers:
§Holy Roman Empire territory: massive loss of life, destroyed property
§Pope: Not even considered in negotiations
§Idea of a unified, Catholic Europe ends
§Spain: loses the Netherlands (becomes independent)
The main belief of Calvinism
Predestination
The 3 main ideas of the 95 Theses
1.Salvation: comes through faith alone; God’s grace is directly granted to believers
2.The Bible is the source of religious authority, not the Pope or church leaders
3.All people of faith were equals
List 3 important decisions made at the Council of Trent
•Establish seminaries for the training of priests
•The church’s interpretation of the bible is final
•Faith and good works would save you
•The bible and the church were equally powerful
•Indulgences allowed but not abused
•Seven sacraments
•Modernized Catholic Church
Fully describe the Spanish Inquisition
•Roman Catholic Church established the Inquisition in 1231 to combat heresy
•Heresy – act or opinions against tradition teachings of religious doctrine
•Most known: Spanish Inquisition
•Many Jews and Muslims had converted to Christianity during the late 1400’s – conversos
•Were forced to convert or leave Spain
•Accused were questioned until a confession was obtained
•Punishments: prison, exile, burned at the stake
The religion that is the middle ground between Catholics and Protestants
Anglicanism