Reformers
This German monk initiated the Protestant Reformation by posting his 95 Theses in 1517.
Who is Martin Luther?
This practice involved paying money to reduce time in purgatory, which Martin Luther criticized.
What are indulgences?
On what date did Martin Luther famously post his 95 Theses?
What is October 31, 1517?
This pope convened the Council of Trent and approved the Society of Jesus (Jesuits).
Who is Pope Paul III?
This English king enacted the Act of Supremacy in 1534, making himself head of the Church of England.
Who is Henry VIII?
This Swiss humanist and New Testament preacher led church reforms in Zurich.
Who is Ulrich Zwingli?
This Dominican friar infamously sold indulgences, declaring, “When the penny in the coffer rings, another soul from purgatory springs.”
Who is Johann Tetzel?
This 1555 agreement allowed German princes to choose the religion of their territories, officially recognizing Lutheranism.
What is the Peace of Augsburg?
This religious order, founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540, became a leading force in Catholic reform.
Who are the Jesuits?
This acronym summarizes the core doctrines of Calvinism, including Total Depravity and Unconditional Election.
What is TULIP?
This French theologian wrote ‘Institutes of the Christian Religion’ in 1536, laying the foundation for Calvinism.
Who is John Calvin?
This term describes clergy holding multiple offices, leading to absenteeism and unperformed sacraments.
What is clerical pluralism?
This conflict between Protestant princes and the Catholic Holy Roman Empire raged from 1618 to 1648.
What is the Thirty Years’ War?
This 1559 list, established by Pope Paul IV, banned books deemed heretical, as part of the Catholic Reformation.
What is the Index of Prohibited Books?
This wife of Henry VIII gave birth to his only male heir and died shortly after childbirth.
Who is Jane Seymour?
This German prince protected Martin Luther at Wartburg Castle after he was excommunicated.
Who is Frederick III (Frederick the Wise) of Saxony?
This invention facilitated the rapid spread of Reformation ideas by enabling mass production of books.
What is the printing press?
This 1598 decree issued by Henry IV of France granted limited religious toleration to Huguenots.
What is the Edict of Nantes?
This 16th-century council met in three periods between 1545 and 1563 to clarify Catholic doctrine and reform church practices.
What is the Council of Trent?
This massacre on August 24, 1572, during the wedding of Margaret of Valois to Henry of Navarre, resulted in thousands of Protestants being killed.
What is the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre?
Name Luther’s three key principles summed up as ‘Faith alone, Grace alone, Scripture alone,’ including the biblical references he cited.
What are Grace alone (Romans 6:23), Faith alone (Ephesians 2:8–9), and Scripture alone (Galatians 1:8–9)?
Name the seven sacraments upheld by the Catholic Church.
What are Baptism, Eucharist, Marriage, Confirmation, Confession or Reconciliation, Anointing of the Sick, and Holy Orders?
This 1648 treaty ended the Thirty Years’ War, allowed rulers to choose their state’s religion, and helped shape modern state sovereignty.
What is the Peace of Westphalia?
Name the founder of the Jesuit order and the Spanish mystic who reformed the Carmelite order during the Catholic Reformation.
Who are Ignatius of Loyola and Teresa of Ávila?
List Henry VIII’s six wives in order and the fate of each marriage.
Who were Catherine of Aragon (divorced), Anne Boleyn (beheaded), Jane Seymour (died), Anne of Cleves (annulled), Catherine Howard (beheaded), and Catherine Parr (survived)?