Reformation leaders
He began the Protestant Reformation by nailing his 95 Theses on the church door in Wittenburg, Germany
Paying money to the Church to absolve sins
Indulgences
Charles V of the HRE was part of this family
Habsburgs
August 24, 1572 – Admiral Gaspard de Coligny and 3,000 Huguenots were killed by Catholic forces in Paris and 20,000 Huguenots in the following three days
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
rebaptizer, believer in adult baptism and forerunner of the Mennonites and Amish
Anabaptists
He was encouraged by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences
Johann Tetzel
Bible contained all that was needed for a person to lead a Christian life therefore a hierarchy of priests was unnecessary
Priesthood of all Believers
Founder and organizer of the Jesuits
Ignatius Loyola
It granted moderate toleration for Protestants in France
Edict of Nantes
Rulers who seek practical political solutions rather than ideological ones
Politiques
leader of the Swiss Reformation who credited Erasmus and opposed the sale of indulgences
Ulrich Zwingli
Simony
3 French kings were dominated by their mother who fought to maintain Catholic control in France
Catherine de Medici
War over religious division in Germany
the Thirty Years War
Judiciary made up of lay elders with the power to impose harsh penalties on those who disobeyed God's laws
Consistory
Lord and Protector of Luther after he defied the Pope by refusing to stop his crusade
Frederick the Wise (Frederick III)
this made the division of the church permanent with the ruler of each land determining whether it would be Protestant or Catholic
the Peace of Augsburg
French Calvinists
Huguenots
The 4 phases of the 30 Years' War (in order)
Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and French phases
Characteristics include distorted, exaggerated forms; unorganized compositions; awkward movement; erratic lines
Mannerism
Leader of the Geneva Reformation and wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion
John Calvin
Tribunal of the HRE demanding Luther to recant his writings
Diet of Worms
Lutheran king of Sweden who won a decisive victory at Breitenfeld in 1630 with new mobility warfare
Gustavus Adolphus
t
The council that sought to reform the Catholic Church and affirm traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs
The Council of Trent
Nations that achieved recognition in the Treaty of Westphalia
the Netherlands and the Swiss Confederation