Causes of the Reformation
What invention helped spread ideas quickly during the Reformation?
The printing press
What document did Martin Luther nail to the church door in 1517?
The 95 Theses
What new church did Elizabeth I help establish?
The Anglican Church
What council was formed to reform the Catholic Church and clarify doctrine?
Council of Trent
What did the printing press do for literacy rates in Europe?
It increased literacy
What was a major economic reason merchants disliked the Catholic Church?
Church taxes
What was Luther’s main complaint about indulgences?
That they were being sold as a way to buy salvation
Who founded the Calvinist branch of Protestantism?
John Calvin
What religious order was founded by Ignatius of Loyola to spread Catholic education?
The Jesuits (Society of Jesus)
What political effect did the Reformation have in Europe?
Weakened the Pope’s power and led to the rise of powerful rulers
What philosophy of the Renaissance emphasized individual achievement and secular ideas?
Humanism
What was Luther’s belief about salvation?
Salvation comes by faith alone
How did Protestant worship differ from Catholic worship?
Services in vernacular; simpler rituals; emphasis on scripture
What was the Catholic Church’s response to the sale of indulgences?
Reformed the practice but kept the belief
What treaty allowed German princes to choose the religion of their territory?
Peace of Augsburg
What event killed a third of Europe’s population and weakened the Church’s influence?
The Bubonic Plague
What was Luther’s stance on Church authority?
The Bible is the ultimate authority, not the Pope
What group believed in adult baptism and separation from the state?
Anabaptists
Who carried out the Council 'sf Trents decrees & burned books deemed dangerous to the Catholic Faith
Pope Paul IV
What did the Reformation lead to in terms of religious unity in Europe?
The end of religious unity in Western Europe
What helped spark questioning of the Church’s authority besides the plague and printing press?
Rise of secularism and humanist thought
What happened at the Edict of Worms?
Luther was declared a heretic and outlaw
Which Protestant belief challenged the role of priests?
“Priesthood of all believers” — people can interpret the Bible themselves
What were the overall efforts of the Catholic Church during the Reformation called?
The Counter-Reformation
What long-term effect did the Reformation have on education?
It led to the founding of schools and universities to promote literacy and Bible reading