Church vs. State
What is secular authority?
Power held by kings or governments rather than the Church.
What was an indulgence?
A payment made to the Church to reduce punishment for sins.
Who wrote the 95 Theses?
Martin Luther
Which reformer criticized indulgences?
Martin Luther
What was the Counter-Reformation?
The Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation.
Who held religious authority in Europe before the Reformation?
The Catholic Church, especially the Pope and clergy.
Why did the Catholic Church sell indulgences?
To raise money for the Church.
What belief about salvation was central to Luther’s teachings?
Salvation through faith alone.
Which reformer led reform movements in Switzerland (not specifically Geneva)?
Huldrych Zwingli
What was one goal of the Counter-Reformation?
To respond to Protestant criticism and reform the Church.
What situation shows tension between religious and secular authority before the Reformation?
Monarchs resenting Church control over land and money.
Why were indulgences controversial?
People believed forgiveness was being sold instead of earned through faith.
Which reformer believed in predestination?
John Calvin.
Which reformer led reform movements in Geneva, Switzerland?
John Calvin
How did councils help during the Counter-Reformation?
They clarified and reaffirmed Catholic doctrines.
Why did kings resent the Catholic Church’s power?
The Church controlled land, collected money, and influenced laws and courts.
How did indulgences contribute to the Reformation?
They highlighted corruption and caused people to question Church authority.
Which reformer broke from the Catholic Church over marriage issues?
Henry VIII
What did Henry VIII do?
Broke from the Catholic Church and formed the Church of England.
How did missionaries support the Counter-Reformation?
They spread Catholicism and strengthened Church influence.
How did shared power between the Church and secular rulers lead to conflict?
Both claimed authority over people, land, money, and laws, which caused resentment and power struggles.
How did corruption weaken the Catholic Church before the Reformation?
Corruption reduced trust in Church leaders and encouraged support for reformers.
Which belief did most Protestant reformers share?
Scripture is the main source of religious truth.
One reformer challenged the Catholic Church over marriage and royal authority, while another challenged it over indulgences and salvation. Name both reformers.
Henry VIII & Martin Luther
How did the Reformation change religion and politics in Europe?
Christianity split into denominations, Church authority weakened, and monarchs gained power.