1st Great Awakening
1st Great Awakening
What occurred in the 1730s-40s, occurred in ENG and SCOT as well, was dominated by Calvinist, occurred mainly in New Eng., led to democratization of Christianity as more power rested w/ the people as anyone could preach and services were held in normal places as opposed to churches, and also led to a change in the style of preaching?
Quakers
Who
-lost leadership of PA in 1750s?
-believed in an "inner light" that was somewhat the equivalent of the Holy Spirit?
-tended to get "revelations" denouncing the town leaders or leading them to run around naked publicly?
-rejected communion and baptism?
-rejected the idea that all people born in a certain area will fall under a certain religion, thus arguing that people aren't born into the church and thus they had a voluntary understanding of church?
-were communalism and egalitarian to an extreme, met in a meeting-house, had no sermons or traditional liturgy?
-were first to oppose slavery, in 1750s?
-were founded in 1650s?
Quebec Act
-what did the colonists misunderstand as being the next step to destroy their religious freedom, seeing it as establishing Catholicism first as the state religion of CAN then doing the same to the colonies, since Quebec's border was getting close to their own territory?
Who (along with John Adams, George Mason, and many other Americans) argued that Christianity was the vital source of virtue for the republic and proposed a bill in VA in 1779 and again in 1784 that would have taxed for religion but allow citizens to designate what denomination or religion the $ went to, a bill that was ultimately rejected in 1786?
Isaac Backus
Who was a Baptist and was mainly important during the Rev. era and had the 2nd argument for disestablishment?
James Davenport
Who lived 1716-57, believed he possessed special prophetic gifts, and in New London, CT, urged listeners to throw non-Christian bks. and fancy goods into a bonfire as part of his emotional revival services but then wrote Confessions and Retractions in 1774 saying he was wrong and had gone to far in urging people to burn their fancy goods and overall focused his ministry mainly in CT?
William Penn
Who lived 1644-1718, was born in Eng., sent marketing agents to European continent to encourage Anabaptists to come to PA, and acquired PA in 1681?
Deism
What was not very common during the founding era and Franklin was one of the few public ones?
Madison
-Who was, in summary, similar to Jefferson on religious freedom but seemingly not as liberal as him on the Bible?
-drafted the 1st Amendment to the Constitution?
-gave the 3rd argument for disestablishment, that the govt couldn't pick a religion b/c there were too many different denominations?
-led the fight against P. Henry's bill to support all Christian denominations?
-saw the need for govt to be able to rein in citizens and itself b/c of man's sinfulness?
-believed virtue necessary for US?
Jefferson
Who wrote the "Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom" for VA, which outlawed govt aid to any religion (or at least Christian denomination) and guaranteed "freedom of worship" to all religions and was the bill going up against P. Henry's one to establish all denominations with taxpayer $, albeit the ones that each person chose?
George Whitefield
-Who lived from 1714-1770?
-preached sermons during the wk. as well?
-led shift from focus on doctrine to conversion experience during the 1st Great Awakening?
-changed the style of American preaching, moving back and forth, gesturing dramatically, raising his voice and lowering it (all in part, they changed to aiming ash the heart w/ their sermons)?
-made religion more about marketing, tired to convince people to come and see him (i.e. "buy his product")?
-created the model for later revivalists (Finney, Sunday, Graham, etc.)?
George Fox
Who lived 1624-1691, had "personal revelations" that he said superseded the Bible's authority, and traveled to MD, VA, and NC in 1672-73 to est. Quaker meetings?
Disestablishment
-What happened in VA in 1786?
-in CT in 1818, MA in 1833, and NH in 1819?
-had as its 1st argument, made (by people like Jefferson) that people should be free to choose to believe whatever they liked as long as they weren't hurting someone ("freedom of conscience")?
-had as its 2nd argument, made by Backus, that the Gospel should be allowed to be taught freely w/out govt interference, more focused on preaching the Gospel?
Samuel Adams
Who was the leader of the Patriots during the 1760s and early-mid 1770s, argued that "true religion and godly education make a people free," and believed that if Americans stayed virtuous, they could create a "Christian Sparta," a combination of Christian and republican "traditions"?
Christian republicanism
Jonathan Edwards
Who lived 1703-58, was the most important thinker and theologian of the 1st Great Awakening, articulated points of Puritan doctrine, as well as being a missionary to the Indians, wrote The Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of God (1742 +/or 3), Freedom of the Will (1754), and A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God (1737)?
Charles Chanucy
Who lived 1705-87, was in BOS, warned against excessive enthusiasm and emotion in the 1st Great Awakening and its participants and became Unitarian as he started to doubt the Trinity and Christ's divinity?
Civil Religion
-What "stemmed from a desire to give religious meaning to the nation"?
-symbolized desire to say that the US was part of something bigger, w/ a special place in God's plan?
-has as examples the pledge of allegiance ("under God"), wanted a Biblical image on the US seal, $1 bill says (trans.) "He has ordered our way/s"?
-started in "closing years" of 18th century?
Washington
Who held the Bible in high esteem, regarded Jesus as a good person but not God, "probably remained skeptical" about the major doctrines of Christianity, set aside a day in 1789 for prayer, repentance, and thanksgiving nationwide, and believed religion necessary for govt and society to function?
Theodorus Freylinghausen
Who lived ~1691-1747, was a Dutch Reformed minister, led revivals in NJ before and during the 1st Great Awakening revivals in North Hampton, but didn't influence them, and had his revival come out of the Pietist movement?
Timothy Cutler
Who lived 1684-1765, was a pastor in BOS, and was opposed to the 1st Great Awakening in general, Whitefield in particular, and its "excessive" enthusiasm, which led to rage and madness?
John Leland
-Who was an itinerant Baptist evangelist?
-had massive revivals around the end of the revolutionary era?
-was the most outspoken Baptist supporter of Jefferson?
-argued that when a pastor gets his salary from the state "by legal force," he became an agent of the State rather than of Christ?
-argued, like Jefferson, that people should not be prosecuted for their religious beliefs but only their injurious actions?
-after being reluctant at first, eventually supported the Constitution, focusing on religious freedom?
John Witherspoon
-Who was a Scottish born president of the Coll. of NJ, pastor, educator, and congressman?
-argued that virtue was needed for American republic (believed that virtue could be found in even non-Christians)?
-argued that the colonies were ripe for independence at the 2nd Continental Congress?
-had as his most influential address The Dominion of Providence over the Passions of Men (1776)?
-called for Americans to turn to God and be virtuous?
-believed that any ruler w/ too much authority would tyrannize others?
-presented the Rev. as a chance for colonies to seize their moral destiny?
Lemuel Haynes