American Indian religion
kiva
What is part of the Pueblo religion in NM ~ the 1500s, their most sacred ritual, revered as the sacred center of the earth, and has a hole in the middle and top (shipapu) representing where humans are thought to have come from the underworld?
Jean de Brebeuf
-Who started work in 1630s?
-was a FRA Jesuit priest focused on Huron Indians?
-tried to accommodate themselves to Huron ways and communicate the Gospel in ways they would understand; only somewhat successful?
-helped write The Jesuit Relations, @ Indian culture in CAN?
-was tortured to death in 1649 by the Iroquois, showed so much courage that they ate his heart afterwards to try to capture some of that courage?
-had missions to Indians in CAN after his death go much better?
MA Bay Colony
What was founded in 1630 by Puritans trying to worship freely, who were led by John Winthrop, and had >1,00 inhabitants landed in Salem, the first town established, but end of 1630>
Salem Witch Trials
What was in the context of anxiety over church power being given to the Church of England and social hysteria in general, began when a couple girls accused their servant, Tituba, of witchcraft, was based in large part on spectral evidence, people in dreams appearing to the person who was having the dream and telling them to sin, once this was discredited, accusations ceased, and 20 people were executed and at one point >150 people stood accused?
Polity
-What was a fancy name for church govt? (ex.-Episcopal, like Aristocracy, Presbyterian, like republic, and congregational, like democracy; Catholics like a. but w/ monarch. lutherans a mix of a. and b., Puritans essentially c., Calvinists b., Methodists and Anglicans a.)
Syncretism
What, in American Indian circles, was a "fusing of different beliefs of cultures," incorporating white people's goods and Christianity into their own religions, and was prominent in the early-mid 1700s and in the Northeastern US, the Carolinas, and VA?
-Who lived 1713-84?
-est. first 9 missions in S. CA, btwn/ 1769-1784, which were connected by El Camino Real?
-gave food and clothing to the Indians?
-expected the priests to learn the native lang. quickly (w/in 1? 2? yrs)?
-didn't punish or coerce Indians but rather was paternal towards them?
Puritans
Who wanted to reform, not leave, the Church of England, fled Eng. b/c of persecution from Church of England, which focused too much on rituals; actually showed emotions; left the following legacy for America: sense of collective mission, stress on edu., work ethic, plain churches, base for the spiritual and/or moral culture in the US being as good as it was for as long as it was?
Anne Bradstreet
Who lived from 1612-72 and was a Puritan woman in MA Bay Colony who had many children and who wrote poems which demonstrate that Puritans actually did have love and feelings for one another?
Calvinism
What held the Synod of Dordt (1618-19, NETH) to systemize their beliefs in response to rise of Arminianism, in 18th century Puritans/Congregationalists became Presbyterians?
katsina
Bartolome de Las Casas
-Who arrived in New ESP in 1502, was ordained a Dominican priest in 1510, and saw ESP brutality in 1513, after which he stoped using the encomienda system in 1514?
-eventually persuaded ESP to establish the New Laws of 1542, which basically didn't do anything?
-published A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies in 1552?
-debated Juan Gines de Sepulveda in 1550 before the Holy Roman Emperor, which led to a ban on murder and enslavement of Indians, which wasn't always enforced?
Cotton Mather
Who lived 1663-1728, was a minister in BOS, was a leading figure in the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, was MA Bay Colony's leading theologian, and at 1st accepted spectral evidence but then rejected it?
Anabaptists
What
-was from maybe Zwingli's theology, included the Menonites, Amish, and Brethren (collectively known as the PA Dutch but were actually of German or Swiss origin), who settled in PA fleeing persecution, were founded around 1525?
-rejected the idea that a certain people in a land automatically fall under that religion, people aren't born into the church, voluntaristic understanding of the church?
-were pacifist, egalitarian, and communalist?
-believed God still spoke the people outside of the Scriptures, although they believed that Scriptures were still the highest authorities?
Acoma Indians
-Who had Pope, a shaman who led a revolt in 1680 after Franciscans "failed" to produce rain?
-lived in NM in pueblos in 1500s and 1600s?
-held close bonds, trust, loyalty, and dependence (gave gifts to encourage this?/these?)?
John Winthrop
-Who led Puritans in establishing. MA Bay Colony in 1630 so they could worship freely?
-was a lawyer in Eng. but then became gov. of MA Bay Colony from 1630-1649?
-outlined what their society should look like in "A Model of Christian Charity," preached either during or shortly after the voyage?
-viewed their contract as a type of OT covenant?
Evangelicalism
What was interdenominational (and thus had some variation) but generally Protestant, was in general Biblicist (held high view of bible as authoritative and inspired), was conversionist (emphasis on conversion), was experimental (doctrine matters, but experience is ultimately what matters), evangelistic, populist, and generally low church as opposed to high church?
Elements of American Indian religion
-What has in it the idea that all nature has spirits that are close to use?
-is animist/polytheist?
-is monist (all world one reality, not one spiritual world and one physical)?
-had no specific place for religion, but permeated everyday life?
-was malleable?
-believed in many ways to heaven?
-had as sacred authorities dreams and visions?
-viewed time as cyclical, not linear/no specific patterns in wk, month, or yr?
-trying to return to the time of originating via their rituals, etc.?
John Eliot
-Who was a Puritan minister in the MA Bay Colony?
-lived from 1604-90?
-came to New World in 1631, helped est. MA Bay Colony?
-produced dictionary and grammar for Indians to try to help reach them and published the first complete Bible in Indian language in the W in 1663?
-pushed Indians to settle in "praying towns," which had 4,000 total @ their max.?
-fairly limited in success in reaching Indians b/c they saw past each other and b/c of violence?