I Protest!
A piece of paper that certified a reduction of time spent atoning for sins in purgatory, often sold by the Catholic church to raise money
indulgence
The era of European history that produced cultural renewal as writers, artists, and thinkers sought to reinvent the glory of classical Greece and Rome
The invention that allowed for the mass copying of books, revolutionizing the spread of ideas
the movable-type printing press
The ruler of England who firmly established Protestantism and defended the country against the invasion by the Spanish
Elizabeth I
The term that means "sun-centered," referring to the universe; a theory proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus
heliocentric
A philosophical focus on the subjects of the humanities (history, grammar, rhetoric, poetry)
humanism
The Mainz, Germany inventor of the movable-type printing press
Johann Gutenberg
The ruler of England who broke from the Catholic church because he wanted to divorce his wife, thus starting the Church of England
Henry VIII
The most brilliant scientist of his day who developed the concept of gravity and the study of calculus
Isaac Newton
The Holy Roman Emperor who presides over Luther's trial for heresy
Charles V
Word that means non-religious (can apply to art, literature, or many other cultural products)
secular
One of the most important writers in history, whose works featured universal themes and well-rounded characters
William Shakespeare
The "Queen of Scots" who was eventually executed by her cousin for treason
Mary Stuart
The man who calculated the orbits of planets around the sun, demonstrating that they travel in ellipses rather than circles
Johannes Kepler
The ruler of Wittenberg and Luther's patron at the university
Prince Frederick
The country that served as the connection between Europe and the rest of the world due to trade routes and thus was the origin of the Renaissance
Italy
The term that means "language of the common people"
vernacular
The archbishop of Canterbury who helped establish the Church of England and wrote The Book of Common Prayer
Thomas Cranmer
The English scientist who emphasized experimentation and observation as the means to scientific knowledge
Francis Bacon
John Wycliffe
The event that killed a lot of nobles in Europe, allowing the merchant class to rise to power and thus setting the stage for the Renaissance and other social change
The Renaissance writer who sought to spread humanism to the public and promoted the translation of Bible into the language of the common people
Erasmus
The most famous privateer (pirate) who led the English navy to harass Spanish trade
Sir Francis Drake
The English chemist who distinguished between elements and compounds and worked closely with temperature and pressure of gases.
Robert Boyle