Chapter 9
A great artist, inventor and scientist in the Renaissance Italy. He made great contributions to the areas of human anatomy, and the investigation of natural phenomena.
Leonardo da Vinci
Younger son of the king of Portugal, he commissioned many exploratory voyages all over the world
Prince Henry of Portugal
Spanish Explorer, after whom America was erroneously named
Amerigo Vespucci
An English priest, and pre-reformer, who de emphasize the importance of the clergy, suggested the Bible as the ultimate authority over the church authorities, and translated parts of the Bible into English
John Wycliffe, 14th century
Practice of direct experience with the divine often through visions and other nonverbal experiences
Mysticism
A German reformer and supporter of Luther, who later became one of the key leaders of the Lutheran, reformation known, especially for drafting the Augsburg confession
Phillipp Melanchthon
A Polish astronomer, who studied in Renaissance Italy Copernicus, introduced a model of the universe with the earth, revolving around the sun, rather than all the stars and planets revolving around the Earth
Nicholas Copernicus
The Portuguese explorer who first sailed around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486
Bartholomew Diaz
A Portuguese explorer who sailed for the Spanish he led the expedition that was the first to circumnavigate the globe, although he died before finishing the journey himself in a fight with native Filipinos
Ferdinand Magellan
A sect of 12th century France they lived in poverty in protest of the excessive wealth of the church, and denied the doctrines of purgatory, indulgences and prayers for the dead, and were thus declared heretical
WALDENSES
A German theologian and priest Eck was one of Luther's most important, theological opponents and famously debated Luther at LEIPZIG in 1519
John Eck
A German Dominican Friar, who came into conflict with Luther, because of his preaching of an indulgence for the rebuilding of Saint peters of which Luther disapproved. Tetzel challenged Luther, on the question of the supremacy of the papacy.
Johan Tetzel
An Italian scientist who supported Copernicus's view of the heliocentric solar system and expanded them arguing that the stars were distant suns He also held heretical theological views, for which he was executed in 1600.
Giordano Bruno
An Italian explorer who sailed for King Henry the seventh of England Cabot attempted to find a western route to India, but instead landed in North America in 1497
John Cabot
A Spanish Conquistador who defeated and conquered the Aztec Empire
Hernan Cortez
The district or office of a Bishop
SEE
Severe self-discipline and avoidance of pleasure as a spiritual practice
Asceticism
The 1519 debate between Eck and Luther, on the question of the supremacy of the papacy, during which Luther was forced to concede that he did not believe in the pope supremacy, and all matters of doctrine
Leipzig Debate
A German renaissance mathematician and astronomer Kepler excepted the Copernican system and calculated that the planets orbit, the sun in elliptical rather than circular patterns
Johannes Kepler
At the Italian explorer, who sailed to the Americas for Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, in 1492 and discovered the modern-day Bahama islands, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Venezuela, and Honduras
Christopher Columbus
Spanish Explorer, the first to reach the Pacific Ocean from the New World
Vasco, Núñez de Balboa
The author of the extremely popular, IMITATIO CHRISTI, He was part of Gerard Groot's brethren of the common life and was highly influential in the DEVOTIO MODERNA movement of the 15th century
Thomas a Kempis
The date on which Martin Luther nailed his 95 thesis to the door of the church at Wittenberg
October 31, 1517
The council called by Charles the fifth in 1521 in large part to decide the fate of Luther at the diet Luther refused to recant any of his teachings that had been deemed he radical, and Charles formally condemned him as a heretic
Diet of Worms
An Italian astronomer, who use the newly invented telescope to discover many details on the moon, stars and planets that had been previously unknown also a supporter of Helio centrism. He was confronted by the church for his interpretation of seemingly geocentric scripture passages, condemned for suspicion of heresy in 1633 and placed under house arrest for the rest of his life
Galileo Galilei
The Portuguese explorer who first traveled to India by sea, thus establishing a trade, route to obtain spices for Europe, without passing through the newly closed off Muslim lands
Vasco de Gama
Spanish explorer, who discovered Florida while searching for the fountain of perpetual youth
Ponce DeLeon
A Czech reformer, who was influenced by Wycliffe ideas, and who condemned the corruption of priests indulgences, and the infallibility of the pope, was executed for heresy his Hussite church continued, and is often considered the first Protestant church
John Huss
The 15th century ecumenical council that restored one pope to authority, addressed issues of reform, and condemned Huss as a heretic
Council of Constance
The first great leader of the movement, that would come to be known as the protestant reformation he protested the churches use of indulgences in his 95 cc, then later, preached, justification by faith alone, and rejected the supremacy of the pope, which led him to be condemned for heresy, and to start his own churches
Martin Luther