Science
Scientists like Francis Bacon encouraged people to test ideas through experiments instead of just trusting old beliefs.
Scientific Method
More hospitals and medical schools were set up, and doctors started receiving proper training based on observation.
Hospitals and Training
Artists learned how to make paintings look three-dimensional by using vanishing points and depth.
Use of Perspective
A new way of thinking that focused on human potential, education, and reason rather than only religious beliefs.
Humanism
Galileo used this to study the stars and planets, discovering moons around Jupiter and supporting Copernicus's ideas.
Telescope
Surgeons began designing better instruments for operations, which made procedures safer and more effective.
Improved Surgical Tools
Painters began using oil paints, which dried slowly and allowed for richer colours and more blending.
Oil Paint Techniques
Cartographers created more accurate maps using new knowledge from explorers, helping future voyages.
Improved Maps and Navigation
Ideas about falling objects and motion began to develop, leading to the later work of Isaac Newton.
Discovery of Gravity Concepts
William Harvey discovered how blood moves through the body in a system, pumped by the heart.
Understanding of Blood Circulation
Artists like Leonardo da Vinci painted people with accurate expressions and details, showing emotions and personality.
Realism in Portraits
Education expanded beyond the Church — subjects like history, poetry, and philosophy were taught to more people, especially the wealthy.
Rise of Renaissance Education
Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that the Earth orbits the Sun, challenging the old belief that the Earth was the centre of the universe.
Heliocentric Theory
Doctors like Andreas Vesalius dissected real human bodies to understand anatomy more accurately than ever before.
Human Dissection
Artists studied muscles and bones to make human figures in art more realistic and lifelike.
Study of Human Anatomy in Art
Writers began using local languages (like Italian or English) instead of Latin, so more people could read and understand texts.
Development of Vernacular Writing
Evangelista Torricelli invented this, a tool to measure air pressure, which helped in understanding weather and the atmosphere.
Invention of the Barometer
Vesalius published a detailed book with accurate drawings of the human body, used to teach doctors for centuries.
Anatomy Book “De Humani Corporis Fabrica”
Artists like Michelangelo painted huge artworks directly onto walls and ceilings, such as the Sistine Chapel ceiling.
Fresco Painting
Books could be made quickly and cheaply, allowing ideas and knowledge to spread across Europe.
Printing Press