Italian Renaissance
This movement marked the transition from medieval times to the early modern era and emphasized a rebirth of culture.
What is the Renaissance?
This painting technique, used in The Last Supper, creates depth by showing distant objects smaller than closer ones.
What is perspective?
This invention by Johannes Gutenberg around 1456 revolutionized the spread of ideas in Europe.
What is the printing press?
This German monk triggered the Protestant Reformation by posting his 95 Theses in 1517.
Who is Martin Luther?
This Polish astronomer proposed the heliocentric theory in 1543, placing the sun at the center of the universe.
Who is Nicolaus Copernicus?
This intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance focused on worldly subjects and the study of grammar, poetry, and history.
What is humanism?
This artist painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, and also sketched flying machines long before they were invented.
Who is Leonardo da Vinci?
This Flemish painter was known for his lively portrayals of peasant life and use of vibrant colors.
Who is Pieter Bruegel?
Martin Luther believed that this alone was the key to salvation—not good deeds.
What is faith?
This scientist was tried by the Inquisition for supporting the heliocentric model and using a telescope to observe Jupiter’s moons.
Who is Galileo Galilei?
This early Renaissance humanist assembled a library of ancient Greek and Roman manuscripts and wrote Sonnets to Laura.
Who is Francesco Petrarch?
Known for sculpting David and painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, this artist also designed the dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral.
Who is Michelangelo?
This German artist was called the "German Leonardo" and was known for his engravings and spreading Renaissance ideas to northern Europe.
Who is Albrecht Dürer?
This 1555 agreement allowed each German prince to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism for their land.
What is the Peace of Augsburg?
Known for the quote “I think, therefore I am,” this French philosopher emphasized reason as the best path to understanding.
Who is René Descartes?
This Italian city became a symbol of the Renaissance and was ruled by the powerful Medici family.
What is Florence?
In The School of Athens, this artist included images of ancient philosophers and even painted himself alongside Michelangelo and Leonardo.
Who is Raphael?
In Utopia, this English humanist described an ideal society based on peace, education, and justice.
Who is Sir Thomas More?
This reformer believed in predestination and set up a theocracy in Geneva.
Who is John Calvin?
This English scientist explained gravity, developed calculus, and wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
Who is Isaac Newton?
This Renaissance figure, known as “the Magnificent,” was a patron of the arts who kept Florence stable and supported artists and thinkers.
Who is Lorenzo de' Medici?
This Renaissance writer argued that rulers should do whatever is necessary to maintain power, famously stating that “the end justifies the means.”
Who is Niccolò Machiavelli?
This French Renaissance writer used two gentle giants to criticize religion, education, and society in his satirical novel Gargantua and Pantagruel.
Who is François Rabelais?
This Catholic reform effort, including the Council of Trent and the Jesuits, aimed to combat Protestantism and renew the Church.
What is the Catholic Reformation (or Counter-Reformation)?
This English chemist distinguished between elements and compounds and studied how temperature and pressure affect gases.
Who is Robert Boyle?