Acids and Bases
A physiologically "low" pH is below/above _____
below 7.35
Which part of the brain signals the release of ADH?
Hypothalamus
How many grams of protein does a sedentary person need each day?
0.8g/kg
Glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose into ATP
2 steps by which insulin works
-binds to outer cell receptor
-GLUT travels to inner cell wall to let glucose in
A physiologically "high" pH is below/above ____
Above 7.45
The kidneys retain water instead of excreting it
Explain why an alcoholic is at risk of DKA
•Poor nutrition
•Depleted hepatic glycogen stores
•Ethanol metabolism impairs gluconeogenesis
•Decreased insulin secretion
Glucagon
a hormone released by the pancreas in response to low blood sugar levels
In what disorder are beta cells destroyed?
DM I
What molecule is the buffer against hydrogen ions?
bicarbonate
In the RAAS system, which hormone works as a powerful vasoconstrictor?
Angiotensin II
3 signs/symptoms of DKA
-Kussmaul's
-low pH (acidic)
-high serum K+
-hyperglycemic
-fruity breath smell
Glycogenolysis
the breakdown of glycogen into glucose to make ATP
3 S and S of DM I
-extreme hunger
-extreme thirst
-fatigue
-severe weight loss
-++ urination
What is the effect of pH on hemoglobin?
Alterations in pH can make hemoglobin bind oxygen too tightly or too loosely
What are three components of the renal diet?
Low sodium
Low protein
Low phosphorus
Low potassium
3 ways to diagnose diabetes
•Fasting blood glucose (8 hours)
•Random blood glucose
•Oral glucose tolerance test (blood samples taken at timed intervals to see how glucose is being cleared)
•HbA1c: the proportion of hemoglobin that has glucose stuck to it (called glycated hemoglobin) >6.5% indicates diabetes
•2-3 months
Glucogeogensis
the formation of glucose from fats and amino acids
What two pathways does glucagon start?
-gluconeogensis
-glycogenolysis
The safe values for the pC02 and HC03 are?
pC02: 35-45
HC03: 22-28
What are the causes of pre-renal acute kidney injury?
Any factor that reduces circulation to the kidney
the three jobs of endothelial cells
•Promote vasodilation
•Anti-aggregation properties
•Fibrinolysis
complex carbohydrates
3+ simple sugars joined together
2 reasons why serum K+ is high in DKA
First reason:
•Cells have a transporter that exchange H+ ions for potassium
•When the blood gets acidic, lots and lots of H+ starts moving into the cells, which means lots and lots of potassium starts exiting the cells
Second reason:
•Insulin stimulates the sodium potassium ATP pump (potassium goes in, sodium goes out)
•Without insulin, the potassium entering the cells slows down